Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2417-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harley Eklove ◽  
Rodney A. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated at the light-microscopic level by immunohistochemistry with an antiglutamate antibody. Immunoreactivity was seen in the basal region of the suckers, in the rostellum, subtegumental regions, central nervous system, and longitudinal nerve cords, and in eggs. In the scolex the cerebral ganglia were diffusely immunoreactive, and immunoreactive tracts, passing from the cerebral ganglia to the suckers, were observed. The longitudinal nerve cords contained large groups of intensely stained cell bodies and processes throughout the length of the strobila. Immunoreactive tracts from the longitudinal nerve cords formed junctions with the deep longitudinal muscles only in the lateral regions of the proglottids. However, neuron-like varicose swellings were seen in the subtegumental area of the mature region. The localization of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in various parts of the nervous system and tissues of Hymenolepis diminuta provides further support for the role of glutamate as an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in the platyhelminths.

Immunocytochemical and radioimmunometrical demonstration of serotonin- and neuropeptide-immunoreactivities in the adult rat tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McKay ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
D. W. Halton
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Small Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Standard indirect immunocytochemical techniques have been interfaced with confocal scanning laser microscopy (for whole-mount preparations) and epifluorescence microscopy (for cryosections) to investigate the occurrence and distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in adultH. diminuta. Serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactivity (IR) was widespread throughout the worm, occurring in the paired cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, the 10 longitudinal nerve cords and in a plethora of small nerve fibres of the peripheral nervous system. An abundance of serotoninergic nerve cell bodies was found in association with the lateral nerve cords. The genital atrium and accessory reproductive ducts were richly innervated with serotoninergic nerve fibres. Thirty-five antisera to 20 vertebrate regulatory peptides and 1 invertebrate peptide (FMRFamide) were used to screen the worm for neuropeptide IR. Immunostaining was obtained with antisera raised to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), xenopsin (XP) and FMRFamide. The most extensive pattern of IR occurred with antisera to PP and PYY, IR being evident in the cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and in small nerve fibres that ramified throughout the parenchyma. A series of bipolar nerve cell bodies between the median nerve cords displayed PP/PYY-IR. The distribution of FMRFamide-IR was reminiscent of the PP/PYY pattern but was less extensive. Comparison of the serotoninergic and peptidergic nervous systems has revealed general similarities and some distinct differences, especially with regard to the distribution of immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Quantitative data are presented on the levels of PP-, SP-, PH1-, and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactivities demonstrable in acid-alcohol extracts of whole worms. The highest level of peptide IR determined was recorded for PP.

The distribution of neuroactive substances within the cercaria of Sanguinicola inermis

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. McMichael-Phillips ◽  
J.W. Lewis ◽  
M.C. Thorndyke
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Antibodies To Serotonin ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve Cord ◽  
Nerve Cords

AbstractThe serotoninergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the cercaria of Sanguinicola inermis (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) were examined using whole-mount immunocytochemistry and a plan of the nervous system has been described. Antibodies to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and the neuropeptides, FMRFamide, GFNSALMFamide (S1) and SGPYSFNSGLTFamide (S2) were used in the study. Immunoreactivity (IR) was demonstrated to all but the S2 antisera and showed a similar fundamental distribution. IR was found in paired cerebral ganglia located anteriorly within the body and connected by a cerebral commissure. From the ganglia paired ventral and dorsal longitudinal nerve cords extend anteriorly into the cephalic organ and into the body. There is no apparent connection with the tail. Several transverse commissures connect the longitudinal nerve cords throughout the body and several associated cell bodies have been located. A double-stranded dorsal and ventral longitudinal nerve cord extends the length of the tail and six cell bodies are associated with these cords, uniquely demonstrating either FMRFamide and S1, or 5-HT-like IR. Only 5-HT-like IR was found to extend into the posterior tail furcae and there appears to be a lack of any peripheral tegumental innervation. Double-labelling experiments suggest that the serotoninergic and peptidergic components of the cercarial nervous system are distinct.

Nerve cells inAcanthobothrium coronatum(Rud.) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Anterior Half ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

The nervous system ofAcanthobothrium coronatumconsists of paired bilobed cerebral ganglia in the scolex joined by a transverse and a dorsal and ventral commissure, and a number of longitudinal nerve cords joined by ring commissures from which arise delicate nerves supplying various organs.Bipolar neurons are present in the transverse commissure and scattered throughout the longitudinal nerves in the strobila.Multipolar neurons occur outside and in close association with the nerve cords.A band of ganglionic cells lies on the inner side of the lateral nerve cords in the scolex.Binding cells are present around the longitudinal nerve cords and ring commissures in the strobila.Stretch receptors are present in the anterior half of the scolex in association with the powerful muscles moving the bothridia and hooks.

NO nerves in a tapeworm. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in adult Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽  
A. M. Lindholm ◽  
N. B. Terenina ◽  
M. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Internal Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has recently been discovered to function as a neuronal messenger. The presence of NOS was detected in the nervous system of adult Hymenolepis diminuta with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. The NADPH-d histochemical reaction is regarded as a selective marker for NOS in neuronal tissue. NADPH-d staining was observed in nerve fibres in the main and minor nerve cords and the transverse ring commissures, and in cell bodies in the brain commissure, along the main nerve cords, in the suckers and the rostellar sac. NADPH-d staining was also observed in the wall of the internal seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The pattern of NADPH-d staining was compared with that of the 5-HT immunoreactive nervous elements. The NADPH-d staining reaction and the 5-HT immunoreactivity occur in separate sets of neurons. This is the first time the NADPH-d reaction has been demonstrated in the nervous system of a flatworm, indicating that NOS is present and that NO can be produced at this level of evolution.

Immunocytochemical demonstration of a neuropeptide in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) using an antiserum to FMR Famide

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. B. Davenport ◽  
D. L. Lee ◽  
R. E. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Immunocytochemical Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYA FMRFamide-like peptide has been detected in the nematode Ascaris suum, using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique. Positive reactions were obtained in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system of the worm, the strongest reactions being in the anterior nerve ring, the cephalic papillary ganglia, the lateral ganglia and the dorso-rectal ganglion. Immunoreactivity was observed along the length of the main nerve cords of the worm and, to a lesser extent, in the pharyngeal nerve cords. The possible role of this neuropeptide in the physiology of the nematode is discussed.

Acetylcholinesterase and synapses in the nervous system of Phocanema decipiens (Nematoda): a histochemical and ultrastructural study

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Goh ◽  
K. G. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Synaptic Contacts ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Specific Inhibitors ◽  
Nerve Cords

The nervous system of Phocanema decipiens was examined histochemically for acetylcholinesterases (EC 3.1.1.7) using the acetylthiocholine method with specific inhibitors (eserine and diisopropylfluorophosphate) and different substrates (butyrylthiocholine and acetylthiocholine). The enzymes, which are localized mainly as small discrete granules, are found in the nerve ring, the six longitudinal nerve cords, and the three pharyngeal nerves. With the electron microscope, these neurons are found to contain presumptive cholinergic synaptic contacts with aggregations of small lucent vesicles in the presynaptic axons. In the nerve ring, such synapses are observed in axoaxonal, neuromuscular and axoglial cell contacts. The longitudinal nerve cords have neuromuscular junctions similar to those observed in other nematodes. In the four sublateral nerve cords, the alternating regions with and without synaptic contacts correspond to the discontinuous histochemical pattern of enzymatic activity. The pharyngeal nerves have axoaxonal and axooesophageal musculature synapses. In most of the synapses, some large dense or dense-core vesicles are found intermingled with the small lucent vesicles. This coexistence of different vesicles is discussed in the light of the cholinergic link hypothesis, whereby acetylcholine is initially released to facilitate the release of other neurotransmitters.

Behavioural adaptation of the tapewormHymenolepis diminutato its environment

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. K. Sukhdeo ◽  
M. S. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Behavioural Adaptation ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anterior Segments

SUMMARYHymenolepis diminutamigrates up the small intestine in response to feeding the host 1 g of glucose. Locomotion during migration may result from fixed patterns of retrograde peristaltic-like waves in the strobila of the tapeworm which propel the organism against the normal expulsive forces in the small intestine. The peristaltic-like locomotory waves occur in a gradient along the strobila with a frequency of 24·9±0·9 cycles/min in the anterior segments of the worm, decreasing linearly to 6·6±1·4 cycles/min in the posterior segments of the worm. Chemical signals, isolated from the small intestine of fed hosts, which stimulate migration behaviourin vivodo not alter the behaviour of the scolex or strobilain vitro. Removal of the scolex containing the cerebral ganglia does not alter the frequency or pattern of locomotory activity in the strobila. After the worm is cut into pieces, each region generates the pattern of locomotory activity that is appropriate for that region. These data suggest that the peripheral nervous system, and not the central nervous system, is responsible for the coordination of the fixed patterns of locomotory activity in these tapeworms.

The anatomy of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis (Batsch 1786) (Cysticercus fasciolaris Rud. 1808), from the liver of Rattus norvegicus (Erx.), including an account of spiral torsion in the species and some minor abnormalities in structure

Parasitology ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Complicated System ◽  
Cysticercus Fasciolaris ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The musculature and excretory and nervous systems of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis are described.2. The nervous system consists often longitudinal nerve cords in the strobila and of a brain and complicated system of nerves in the scolex. The nervous system of the scolex shows several variations on the earlier description by Bartels (1902).3. Minor abnormalities have been found in the form of multiplication of the lateral margins and duplication of the ventral excretory vessels.4. Three specimens showed spiral torsion of the internal organs involving the musculature and excretory and nervous systems of the strobila. The number of turns of the spiral and the positions of the chiasmata are variable. It is suggested that the spiral twisting occurs before growth and strobilation in the neck region has begun, the chiasmata being carried back as new segments are formed.

scholarly journals Serotonin Signalling in Flatworms: An Immunocytochemical Localisation of 5-HT7 Type of Serotonin Receptors in Opisthorchis felineus and Hymenolepis diminuta

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Natalia Kreshchenko ◽  
Nadezhda Terenina ◽  
Artem Ermakov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
Nerve Cords

The study is dedicated to the investigation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-HT7 type serotonin receptor of localisation in larvae of two parasitic flatworms Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) Blanchard, 1895 and Hymenolepis diminuta Rudolphi, 1819, performed using the immunocytochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Using whole mount preparations and specific antibodies, a microscopic analysis of the spatial distribution of 5-HT7-immunoreactivity(-IR) was revealed in worm tissue. In metacercariae of O. felineus 5-HT7-IR was observed in the main nerve cords and in the head commissure connecting the head ganglia. The presence of 5-HT7-IR was also found in several structures located on the oral sucker. 5-HT7-IR was evident in the round glandular cells scattered throughout the larva body. In cysticercoids of H. diminuta immunostaining to 5-НТ7 was found in flame cells of the excretory system. Weak staining to 5-HT7 was observed along the longitudinal and transverse muscle fibres comprising the body wall and musculature of suckers, in thin longitudinal nerve cords and a connective commissure of the central nervous system. Available publications on serotonin action in flatworms and serotonin receptors identification were reviewed. Own results and the published data indicate that the muscular structures of flatworms are deeply supplied by 5-HT7-IR elements. It suggests that the 5-HT7 type receptor can mediate the serotonin action in the investigated species and is an important component of the flatworm motor control system. The study of the neurochemical basis of parasitic flatworms can play an important role in the solution of fundamental problems in early development of the nervous system and the evolution of neuronal signalling components.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomy of a Dactylogyrid monogenean, from gold fish Carassius auratus, Nilsson, from Meerut (U. P.), India

VOYAGER ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pragati Rastogi ◽  
Deepmala Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Gill Parasite ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Gold Fish ◽  
Nerve Cords

Chemical named 5-bromo indoxyl acetate has been used to describe the nervous system of anoviparous Dactylogyridmonogenean PellucidhaptorPrice and Mizelle (1964), a gill parasite of Carassius auratus. Central nervous system consists of paired cerebral ganglia from which anterior and posterior neuronal pathways arise. These neuronal pathways are interlinked by cross connectives and commissures. Paired dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords emanate from the cerebral ganglia, connected at intervals by transverse connectives. Huge arrangement of dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords and their innervations have been examined. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes innervations of the alimentary tract, reproductive organs and attachment organs (anterior adhesive areas and haptor). Both the CNS and PNS are bilaterally symmetrical, and better developed ventrally than laterally and dorsally.

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