scholarly journals Root morphology and development of banana and plantain root systems in relation to nematode population

Fruits ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Roger Fogain ◽  
R. Simon Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Nematode Population

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Planting Depth Affects Root Form of Three Shade Tree Cultivars in Containers

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Container Wall ◽  
Stem Girdling

Study was designed to evaluate impact of planting depth on root morphology inside nursery containers. Trees were planted shallow (13 mm) or deep (64 mm) into #3 Air-Pot™ containers, then shallow (0 mm) or deep (64 mm) into #15 containers prior to shifting them to their final #45 container size at the same depth. Trunk diameter (caliper) was significantly larger for both magnolia and maple planted shallow (13 mm) into #3, and then shallow into #15 containers when compared to planting deeper. However, differences were small and may not be relevant to a grower. No caliper or height differences among planting depths were found for elm. Presence of stem girdling roots in elm and magnolia growing in #45 containers increased with planting depth into # 3 containers. Downward re-orientation of main roots comprising the flare by #3 container wall, likely contributed to amount of roots growing over root flare. Maple root systems were not impacted by planting depth into #3 primarily due to adventitious root emergence from the buried portion of stem. Distance between substrate surface and top of root flare in finished #45 containers was not impacted by planting depth into #3 containers for any species. Planting elm and maple deeply into #15 led to more trunk-girdling by roots, a deeper root flare, and more roots growing over flare compared to planting shallow. Most root defects in all species were hidden from view because they were found below substrate surface. Presence of a visible root flare was not related to occurrence of root defects. Root balls on elm and maple were packed with roots which made it time consuming to remove substrate and roots above the root flare. Planting depth appears most crucial when shifting into #15 containers.

scholarly journals Image analysis techniques to characterise white clover root morphology

1998 ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Debbie Care ◽  
Shirley Nichols ◽  
Derek Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Image Analysis Techniques

The use of low-ionic-strength hydroponic culture and image analysis techniques to discriminate and isolate morphologically distinct, genetically differentiated root types within white clover is described. Advantages of this method include the ability to view the genetic expression of the root systems without the modifying effects of growth in soil, to examine the growth and structure of roots over time, and to store the images for further examination. It is recognised that although the root systems grow in three dimensions, they are constrained to two dimensions by the flatbed scanner. However, the morphological parameters determined by image analysis would not be altered whether this analysis was measured in two or three dimensions. Keywords: image analysis, root morphology, solution culture, Trifolium repens

scholarly journals Diversity of roots and root systems in pauciennial dicots

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-133
Author(s):  
Михаил Витальевич Марков ◽  
Виолетта Закировн Юсуфова ◽  
Татьяна Андреевна Шестова ◽  
Дмитрий Олегович Грушенков
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Biennial Plants ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
Group Diversity

Исторически сложившийся в ботанике стереотип представлений об аллоризном строении корней и корневых систем малолетних (одно-двулетних) растений из класса Двудольных может стать серьезной помехой для объективной оценки разнообразия этой интереснейшей группы жизненных форм цветковых растений. При более внимательном изучении морфологии и анатомии корней в динамике их онтогенетического развития выявляется существенная неполнота наших знаний в этой области и отсутствие необходимого уровня развития терминологии, которые сказываются на содержательности изданных учебных пособий. Рассмотренные в этих пособиях хрестоматийные примеры дают далеко не полную картину природного разнообразия морфологической и анатомической структуры корней и в них, часто бывают недооценены или просто опущены важные детали в процессе их развития. К числу таких деталей относится коллет - структура в переходной зоне между главным корнем и гипокотилем, которой свойственна своя анатомия и морфология (развитие волосков или ризоидов), включая примордии боковых корней, закладывающихся внутри коллета иногда еще в ходе эмбриогенеза. Historically borned stereotype on allorhizy of pauciennial (annual-biennial) plants from Dicots can be valuable interference for objective representations (describing) of this extremely interesting flowering plant group diversity. Via more attentive and deep research of the morphology and anatomy of roots in their ontogenetic development dynamics we can observe (reveal) ncompleteness of our knowledge in this area and unsufficient level of terminology which could have negative influence on our published text-books content. Hackneyed examples that were presented in these text-books can illustrate far from the full picture of natural diversity of root morphology and anatomy with some valuable details of their development obviously underestimated or simply omitted. There is a collet amongst these details - more or less inflated transition zone between radicle and hypocotyl with its own anatomy and morphology features (cover from trichomes or rhyzoides), including lateral roots primordia which can be initiated inside even during embryogenesis.

scholarly journals 593 Water Stress Influences Soil/Root Respiration Rate and Root Morphology of Young Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 549B-549
Author(s):  
Georgios Psarras ◽  
Ian A. Merwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Electric Capacitance ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Root Capacitance

One-year-old potted `Mutsu' apple (Malus domestica) trees on MM.111 and M.9 rootstocks were grown outdoors from May to Nov. 1997, under three levels of soil-water availability (–20, –80, and –200 kPa), to evaluate the effects of water stress on soil/root respiration and root morphology. At weekly intervals, we measured soil/root respiration using a portable infrared gas analyzer and rootsystem size or functional activity using an electric capacitance meter. These observations were tested as nondestructive methods to estimate relative differences in root size and morphology in situ compared with final dry weight and form of excavated apple rootstocks. Root size-class distributions were estimated by digital imaging and analysis of harvested root systems. Root growth was substantially reduced by water stress; the magnitude of reduction was similar for both rootstocks, but the percentage of shoot growth reduction was higher for MM.111. Root: shoot ratios were higher and average specific respiration rates over the growing season were lower for M.9 root systems. Water stress increased the root: shoot ratio, specific root length, and carbon costs of root maintenance as indicated by specific respiration rates. Soil/root respiration was more closely correlated than root electric capacitance with actual root system size. The observed r2 values between root capacitance and root dry weight were as high as 0.73, but root capacitance was also confounded by other factors, limiting its usefulness for nondestructive estimation of root size or activity. Rootstock genotype significantly affected root capacitance, which provided better estimates of root dry weight for M.9 than for MM.111.

Linking the physiological parameters of nitrate uptake with root morphology and topology in wheat (Triticum durum) and citrus (Citrus volkameriana) rootstock

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sorgonà ◽  
G Cacco
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Topological Index ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Citrus Volkameriana

The relationships between net nitrate uptake and root morphology and topology were investigated in wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and citrus (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) seedlings in which root systems were modified by supplying different nutrient concentrations. Root morphological and topological changes were assessed by the number of root tips, the total root length, and the topological index. The net nitrate uptake process was evaluated during the induction and inhibition "feedback" regulation phases. In wheat seedlings, an increase in the external nitrate concentration, at either high or no phosphate, brought about an increase in number of root tips but did not affect total root length. A similar pattern was observed in citrus seedlings. Citrus seedlings also exhibited a shift in root branching pattern from herringbone to dichotomous with an increase in the external nitrate concentration. Conversely, wheat root topology was unaffected by nutrient treatments. A high level of nitrate supplied to wheat and citrus root systems reduced the full induction of the nitrate uptake rate and cumulative nitrate uptake but increased the half-time of reaching the full induction in net nitrate uptake (t1/2 kind). Finally, a negative correlation between number of root tips and t1/2 kind was found in both species, while only in citrus seedlings was a positive correlation between t1/2 kind and the topological index observed. The data suggest that root morphology has a greater effect on nitrate uptake than root topology.Key words: root morphology, root topology, net nitrate uptake, Citrus volkameriana, Triticum durum.

Morphology and fractal dimension of root systems of maize hybrids bearing the leafy trait

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Costa ◽  
Lianne M Dwyer ◽  
Pierre Dutilleul ◽  
Kayhan Foroutan-pour ◽  
Aiguo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Normal Stature

A rapid and accurate assessment of root morphological characteristics can be important for identifying promising plant genotypes. Scanner-based image analysis has made the measurement of root morphology faster, more accurate, and less subjective, and allows for estimation of fractal dimension (FD). We used scanner-based image analysis to investigate root morphology in leafy vs. conventional maize (Zea mays) genotypes. Two experiments were conducted following a completely randomized design with ten and five replicates. In the first experiment, treatments were factorial combinations of four hybrids (leafy reduced-stature (LRS), non leafy-reduced stature (NLRS), leafy normal stature (LNS), and non leafy normal stature (conventional commercial) hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)), and four sampling dates (5, 10, 15, and 20 days from transfer to growth pouches). In the second experiment, plants were grown for 15 days from emergence in 10-L plastic pots. This experiment included three maize genotypes (LRS, LNS, and Pioneer 3905 (P3905)). The FD of young root systems was similar for leafy genotypes (FD [Formula: see text] 1.66) and was higher for P3905 (FD [Formula: see text] 1.74). The FD correlated with root characteristics generally included in root growth models (0.68 [Formula: see text] r [Formula: see text] 0.87). Thus, FD could be used to summarize a number of root morphology variables.Key words: root morphology, fractal dimension, root branching, image analysis, maize.

scholarly journals Understanding Root Systems to Improve Seedling Quality

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Nicola
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Different Types

Root architecture can be very important in plant productivity. The importance of studies on root morphology and development is discussed to improve seedling growth. Root systems of dicotyledonous species are reviewed, with emphasis on differences between growth of basal and lateral roots. The presence of different types of roots in plant species suggests possible differences in function as well. The architecture of a root system related to its functions is considered. Classical methods for studying root systems comprise excavation of root system, direct observation, and indirect analyses. While the first method is destructive and the third is effective in understanding root architecture only on a relatively gross scale, observation methods allow the scientist a complete a nondestructive architectural study of a root system. The three groups are reviewed related to their potential to give valuable information related to the root architecture and development of the seedling, with emphasis on the availability of a medium-transparent plant-growing system, enabling nondestructive daily observations and plant measurements under controlled environmental conditions. Effects of CO2 enrichment on seedling growth is reviewed, emphasizing the effects of CO2 on root growth.

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