scholarly journals Genetic variation ofPrunus aviumin susceptibility to cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) in spatially heterogeneous infected seed orchards

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Díaz ◽  
Rafael Zas ◽  
Josefa Fernández-López
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence Resource for Blumeriella jaapii, the Cherry Leaf Spot Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507-1510
Author(s):  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
J. Alejandro Rojas ◽  
Hyunkyu Sang ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Cory A. Outwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Long Reads ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors ◽  
High Quality Genome

Blumeriella jaapii is the causal agent of cherry leaf spot (CLS), the most important disease of tart cherry in the Midwestern United States. Infection of leaves by B. jaapii leads to premature defoliation, which places trees at heightened risk of winter injury and death. Current management of CLS relies primarily on the application of three important fungicide classes, quinone outside inhibitors, sterol demethylation inhibitors, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Here, we present the first high-quality genome of B. jaapii through a hybrid assembly of PacBio long reads and Illumina short reads. The assembled draft genome of B. jaapii is 47.4 Mb and consists of 95 contigs with a N50 value of 1.5 Mb. The genomic information of B. jaapii, representing the most complete sequenced genome of the family Dermateaceae (Ascomycota) to date, provides a valuable resource for identifying fungicide resistance mechanisms of this pathogen and expands our knowledge of the phytopathogenic fungi in this family.

scholarly journals Overexpression of the 14α-Demethylase Target Gene (CYP51) Mediates Fungicide Resistance in Blumeriella jaapii

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2581-2585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Ma ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Janette L. Jacobs ◽  
George W. Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Long Interspersed Nuclear Element ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

ABSTRACT Sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are widely used to control fungi pathogenic to humans and plants. Resistance to DMIs is mediated either through alterations in the structure of the target enzyme CYP51 (encoding 14α-demethylase), through increased expression of the CYP51 gene, or through increased expression of efflux pumps. We found that CYP51 expression in DMI-resistant (DMIR) isolates of the cherry leaf spot pathogen Blumeriella jaapii was increased 5- to 12-fold compared to that in DMI-sensitive (DMIS) isolates. Analysis of sequences upstream of CYP51 in 59 DMIR isolates revealed that various forms of a truncated non-long terminal direct repeat long interspersed nuclear element retrotransposon were present in all instances. Similar inserts upstream of CYP51 were not present in any of 22 DMIS isolates examined.

scholarly journals Some aspects of disease management of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) with special reference to pesticide use

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
P. Lakatos ◽  
F. Abonyi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors ◽  
Fallen Leaves

In this review, some aspects of disease management of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) are summarised with special reference to pesticide use. In the first part of the review, we show the non-chemical control approach (e. g. removal of fallen leaves, planting resistant cultivar) against leaf spot. In the second part of the review, the effect of pesticides including fertilizers (urea) and fungicides on cherry leaf spot are discussed. Special attention are given to the fungicides of copper, dodine, captafol, captan, benomil, chlorothalonil, sterol demethylation inhibitors (e.g. fenarimol, fenbuconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole), and strobilurins about their effectiveness against cherry leaf spot. In the final part of the review, possibilities of cherry leaf spot control are discussed in integrated and organic cherry orchards.

scholarly journals Effects of Cherry Leaf Spot on Photosynthesis in Tart Cherry ‘Montmorency’ Foliage

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 656-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Gruber ◽  
E. L. Kruger ◽  
P. S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
First Time

Results described here span a total of three field seasons and quantitatively depict the effects of an economically important fungal pathogen (Blumeriella jaapii) on tart cherry (Prunus cerasus ‘Montmorency’) leaf physiology. For the first time, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (gs), maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation rate (Vcmax), and maximum electron transport (Jmax) were measured as functions of visible cherry leaf spot disease (CLS) severity. Defined as the proportion of chlorotic and necrotic tissue per leaf, CLS severity was estimated from leaves of mature ‘Montmorency’ trees in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Briefly, as visible disease severity increased, all of the leaf-level physiological parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and disproportionately. Thus, the effects of visible symptoms on leaf photosynthetic metabolic function encroached upon asymptomatic tissue as well. Impairment of photosynthetic metabolism in ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry leaves due to CLS appears to be mediated through disproportionately large perturbations in gs, Vcmax, and Jmax. These findings offer a new perspective on the amount of damage that this serious disease can inflict.

scholarly journals Screening Cherry Germ Plasm for Resistance to Leaf Spot

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip S. Wharton ◽  
Amy Iezzoni ◽  
Alan L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
White Spots

A detached leaf disk assay was developed for screening sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) cultivars for resistance to cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii). This assay was used to characterize the events occurring in cv. Montmorency (susceptible) and cv. GiSelA 6 [GI 148-1] (resistant) host-pathogen interactions, and to develop a disease scoring scheme to categorize disease severity in sour cherry trees. Forty-three seedlings grown from seeds collected in Russia were screened for resistance using the scoring scheme. Cross infection studies were also carried out with leaf spot isolates from four other Prunus species. These studies were made possible by the development of a new method of culturing B. jaapii isolates, using cherry fruit agar. This method enabled large amounts of inoculum to be produced within 2 weeks rather than a couple of months as required previously. In ‘Montmorency’, disease symptoms were first observed 4 days postinoculation (dpi), with the appearance of small white spots on the undersides of inoculated leaves. These spots gradually grew, producing erumpent spore masses in acervuli approximately 7 dpi. In ‘GI 148-1’, disease symptoms were also first observed 4 dpi, with the appearance of small transparent lesions. In the majority of cases, these lesions did not increase in size; however, acervuli occasionally were formed approximately 8 dpi. These contained small cirrhi and were often surrounded by an abscission zone. Of the sour cherry seedlings tested, only ‘Almaz’ open pollinated (o.p.) R1(1) was rated as resistant. ‘Almaz’ o.p. R1(1) and ‘GI 148-1’ were also rated as resistant to leaf spot isolates from other Prunus species. These results and the implications for breeding resistant sour cherry cultivars are discussed.

scholarly journals Some biological features of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) with special reference to cultivar susceptibility

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

In this review, some important features of biology are summarised for cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii). In the first part of the review, the geographical distribution of the pathogen and the causal organism are described. Disease symptoms and disease cycle of cherry leaf spot are also shown. Special attention is given to hosts and then several cherry cultivars.are described in relation to their susceptibility to cherry leaf spot.

scholarly journals Some biological properties of new sweet cherry cultivars in Bulgaria and their susceptibility to Blumeriella jaapii

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Borovinova ◽  
N. Christov ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Fruit Mass

Investigations were made on 12 sweet cherry cultivars (‘13-S-22-8’, 'Sunburst', `Kozerska'., 'NY 13791', 'Royalton', 'NY 13688', 'Hartland', `Sumerset', 'Pollax', 'Patriotka Krima', 'Castor', and `Lapins') in an experimental orchard of cherry cultivar collection in the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Bulgaria during the period of 1997-2003. The trees were planted in 1996. All cultivars were grafted on Prunus mahaleb. Four biological properties of the cultivars were assessed such as blooming time, resistance to late spring frost, fruit ripening and fruit mass. Among cultivars, a good resistance to late spring frost was observed on cultivar 'Sunburst'. The fruit mass varied between 4.2 g (cv. 'Patriotka Krima') and 8.5 g (cv. `Sunburst'). The susceptibility of the cherry cultivars to cherry leaf spot caused by Blumeriella jaapii was assessed in mid-September in each year. The estimation of the rate of attack was made according to the grade of Townsend and Neuberger. All cultivars showed symptoms of cherry leaf spot but the degree of susceptibility was different. Cultivar `Patriotka Krima' was the least susceptible, while cultivar `Somerset' was the most susceptible to Blumeriella jaapii.

scholarly journals Resistance to Boscalid, Fluopyram and Fluxapyroxad in Blumeriella jaapii from Michigan (U.S.A.): Molecular Characterization and Assessment of Practical Resistance in Commercial Cherry Orchards

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2198
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Gleason ◽  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Suzanne M. Slack ◽  
Cory A. Outwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

Management of cherry leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, with succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides has been ongoing in Michigan tart cherry orchards for the past 17 years. After boscalid-resistant B. jaapii were first isolated from commercial orchards in 2010, premixes of SDHI fungicides fluopyram or fluxapyroxad with a quinone outside inhibitor were registered in 2012. Here, we report widespread resistance to fluopyram (FluoR), fluxapyroxad (FluxR), and boscalid (BoscR) in commercial orchard populations of B. jaapii in Michigan from surveys conducted between 2016 and 2019. A total of 26% of 1610 isolates from the 2016–2017 surveys exhibited the fully-resistant BoscR FluoR FluxR phenotype and only 7% were sensitive to all three SDHIs. Practical resistance to fluopyram and fluxapyroxad was detected in 29 of 35 and 14 of 35 commercial tart cherry orchards, respectively, in surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019. Sequencing of the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD target genes from 22 isolates with varying resistance phenotypes showed that BoscS FluoR FluxS isolates harbored either an I262V substitution in SdhB or an S84L substitution in SdhC. BoscR FluoR FluxR isolates harbored an N86S substitution in SdhC, or contained the N86S substitution with the additional I262V substitution in SdhB. One BoscR FluoR FluxR isolate contained both the I262V substitution in SdhB and the S84L substitution in SdhC. These mutational analyses suggest that BoscR FluoR FluxR isolates evolved from fully sensitive BoscS, FluoS, FluxS isolates in the population and not from boscalid-resistant isolates that were prevalent in the 2010–2012 time period.

Identification of a Source of Resistance to Cherry Leaf Spot

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 500c-500
Author(s):  
S.L. Downey ◽  
R. Karle ◽  
A.F. Iezzoni ◽  
A.L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Triploid Hybrid ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Production Areas

Cherry leaf spot caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rhem) Arx. is a major fungal disease of sour cherry in most of the world's sour cherry production areas. This fungus causes premature defoliation, which, in conjunction with low temperature winter injury, can result in death of limbs and entire trees. `Montmorency', the only major sour cherry cultivar grown in the United States, is highly susceptible to this fungus and numerous fungicides are required to prevent this disease. In 1996, sour cherry seedlings and GI 148-1, a triploid hybrid developed in Germany from the cross sour cherry (Prunus cerasus Schattenmorelle) × P. canescens (Schmidt and Gruppe 1988 HortScience 23: 112), were inoculated with spores of B. jaapii obtained from infected sour cherry leaves in the orchard. Lesion counts were taken on days 7 and 14 and the number of lesions per cm2 was calculated. This experiment was repeated in 1997, including a full sibling of GI 148-1, GI 148-2. Sour cherry and GI 148-2 were highly susceptible to cherry leaf spot. Within 14 days, these selections exhibited an average of 19.4 and 5.4 necrotic lesions per cm2 respectively, sporulation, chlorosis, and eventually leaf drop. In contrast, GI 148-1 had significantly fewer lesions on average (1.4 lesions per cm2), no apparent sporulation, chlorosis or leaf drop. Different reactions exhibited by siblings GI 148-1 and GI 148-2 suggest that the resistance gene(s) in 148-1 are on the P. canescens chromosome(s), not from the sour cherry parent, and that the P. canescens parent was not homozygous. GI 148-1 is currently being used in a backcross breeding program to develop resistant varieties.

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