scholarly journals Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on Lolium perenne bred for elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel D. Scollan ◽  
Michael R.F. Lee ◽  
Michael Enserb
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN THE DEVELOPING CASTOR BEAN

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Canvin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Diethyl Malonate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Acetate-1-C14 and acetate-2-C14 were supplied to slices of developing castor bean endosperm. The molecules were extensively incorporated into long-chain fatty acids, water-soluble compounds, and protein. Oleic acid was the fatty acid initially labelled from acetate and it was the precursor of ricinoleic acid. Aerobic conditions were required for the formation of oleic acid and for the conversion of oleic acid to ricinoleic acid. Under anaerobic conditions the incorporation of acetate carbon into fatty acids was inhibited more than 90% and almost all of the C14 was found in stearic and palmitic acids. Stearic acid appeared to be formed first and palmitic acid appeared to be derived from it through a shortening of the chain. The position of linoleic acid in the fatty acid interconversions was not clear except that it was not a free intermediate in the conversion of oleic acid to ricinoleic acid.Malonate-C14 was only absorbed slightly by the tissue and although absorption could be increased by the use of diethyl malonate the metabolism of the compound was not facilitated. Because of its poor utilization by the tissue the role of malonate in long-chain fatty acid synthesis in this tissue could not be ascertained.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF LIPIDS AND SERUM ALBUMIN ON BACTERIAL GROWTH

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
René J. Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Long chain fatty acids have been found to exhibit both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the growth of tubercle bacilli and of a certain unidentified micrococcus culture. The toxicity of the fatty acids was much reduced or abolished by (a) esterification, even when the resulting product was a water-soluble ester, and (b) addition of crystalline serum albumin to the culture medium; other proteins tested were inactive in this respect. Marked growth stimulation of the microorganisms studied was obtained when certain long chain fatty acids were added to the culture medium in the form of their water-soluble esters, or in admixture with adequate amounts of serum albumin. Abundant growth of the micrococcus resulted from the addition of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid (0.0001 to 0.001 per cent) to a mineral medium containing glucose as sole source of carbon; in the case of this microbial species, none of the other substances tested could substitute for these unsaturated fatty acids. Enhancement of growth of tubercle bacilli was obtained by adding to the medium 0.001 to 0.01 per cent of a variety of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) even in the absence of glucose or of any other readily available carbon compound. These results suggest that long chain fatty acids can affect the growth of different microbial species through different metabolic channels and that, in order to study the mechanism of these metabolic and growth reactions, it is essential to use the fatty acids under conditions where they cannot manifest their toxic properties.

scholarly journals Water intake increases mesenteric lymph flow and the total flux of albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and IL-22 in rats: new concept of absorption in jejunum

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (1) ◽  
pp. G155-G165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiho Nagashio ◽  
Kumiko Ajima ◽  
Daisuke Maejima ◽  
Hideki Sanjo ◽  
Ryo Kajihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Flux ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lymph Vessels ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The traditional Japanese health care custom recommends that a suitable volume of water is consumed. However, physiological and immunological mechanisms in support of this practice are unknown. Therefore, we conducted rat and rabbit in vivo experiments to investigate the effects of intragastric administration of distilled water on the jejunal-originated lymph flow and the concentrations and total flux of cells, albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC-3)-secreted interleukin-22 (IL-22) through mesenteric lymph vessels. The distribution and activity of ILC-3 in rat small intestine by water intake were evaluated using flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The intragastric administration of distilled water caused significant increases in rat mesenteric lymph flow and in the total flux of cells, albumin, long-chain fatty acids, and IL-22 through the lymph vessels. Intravenously injected Evans blue dye was rapidly transported into rabbit mesenteric lymph vessel and cisterna chyli. The distribution of ILC-3 and the expression of IL-22 mRNA were maximal in the lamina propria cells of the rat jejunum. No significant presence of ILC-3 in the lymph was observed in the control and under water intake conditions. In conclusion, the absorbed water in the jejunum is transported through mesenteric lymph vessels. The higher permeability of albumin in the jejunal microcirculation may play key roles in the transport of consumed water and the reservoir and transporter of long-chain fatty acids. Water intake also accelerates the transfer of IL-22 to the mesenteric lymph, which may contribute, in part, to maintaining and promoting the innate immunity in the body. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The higher permeability of albumin-mediated transport of water-soluble substances in mesenteric lymph vessels of the jejunum may have a large impact on the classic concept suggesting that water-soluble small molecules travel to the liver via the portal vein. ILC-3 is mainly housed in the lamina propria of the jejunum, especially its upper part. IL-22 released from the ILC-3 is also transported through mesenteric lymph in collaboration with the albumin-mediated movement of consumed water.

scholarly journals Metabolism of saturated and polyunsaturated very-long-chain fatty acids in fibroblasts from patients with defects in peroxisomal β-oxidation

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Street ◽  
H Singh ◽  
A Poulos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The metabolism of [1-14C]lignoceric acid (C24:0) and [1-14C]tetracosatetraenoic acid (C24:4, n-6) was studied in normal skin fibroblast cultures and in cultures from patients with defects in peroxisomal β-oxidation (but normal peroxisomal numbers). Cells from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) patients with a presumed defect in a peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetase, specific for fatty acids of carbon chain lengths greater than 22 (very-long-chain fatty acids; VLCFA), showed a relatively normal production of radiolabelled CO2 and water-soluble metabolites from [1-14C]C24:0. However, the products of synthesis from acetate de novo (released by β-oxidation), i.e. C16 and C18 fatty acids, were decreased, and carbon chain elongation of the fatty acid was increased. In contrast, cell lines from two patients with an unidentified lesion in peroxisomal β-oxidation (peroxisomal disease, PD) showed a marked deficiency in CO2 and water-soluble metabolite production, a decreased synthesis of C16 and C18 fatty acids and an increase in carbon chain elongation. The relatively normal β-oxidation activity of ALD cells appears to be related to low uptake of substrate, as a defect in β-oxidation is apparent when measurements are performed on cell suspensions under high uptake conditions. Oxidation of [1-14C]C24:4 was relatively normal in ALD cells and in the cells from one PD patient but abnormal in those from the other. Our data suggest that, despite the deficiency in VLCFA CoA synthetase, ALD cells retain a near normal ability to oxidize both saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFA under some culture conditions. However, acetate released by β-oxidation of the saturated VLCFA and, to a much lesser degree, the polyunsaturated VLCFA, appears to be used preferentially for the production of CO2 and water-soluble products, and acetate availability for fatty acid synthesis in other subcellular compartments is markedly decreased. It is likely that the increased carbon chain elongation of the saturated VLCFA which is also observed reflects the increased availability of substrate (C24:0) and/or an increase in microsomal elongation activity in ALD cells.

ACTION OF ANTIMETHANOGENIC AGENTS ON DIURNAL PATTERNS OF FERMENTATION ACTIVITY, LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND PROTOZOA COUNT IN CATTLE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. WOOD ◽  
E. D. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Fistulated Holstein steers were used to determine the diurnal pattern of rumen fermentation activity, soluble carbohydrate concentration, protozoa count and the concentration of long-chain fatty acids in rumen fluid when corn oil, tallow or bromochloromethane (BCM) were included in the diet. There were differences (P < 0.05) between diets in fermentation action (control + BCM > basal + tallow > control > basal + corn oil diet). The soluble carbohydrate concentration followed a similar pattern. Diet did not affect the total protozoa count, but influenced the diurnal pattern. The holotrich protozoa count was converse to that of the oligotrich group, the highest count for holotrichs coinciding with the highest concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The diurnal pattern of total unsaturated fatty acids when steers received the basal + corn oil diet was inverse to that of the basal + tallow diet. The occurrence of comparable concentrations of unsaturated fat in the rumen digesta, but at different times before and after feeding, suggests that both fats affect methane suppression by a similar mechanism but at different stages of fermentation activity. The uptake of soluble carbohydrate by holotrich protozoa appears to have a role in reducing the quantity fermented by bacteria to produce methane.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Fatty Acid Saturation and Chain Length on NASH in Juvenile Iberian Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 682-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Dillard ◽  
Morgan Coffin ◽  
Gabriella Hernandez ◽  
Victoria Smith ◽  
Catherine Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the major cause of pediatric chronic liver pathology in the United States. The objective of this study was to compare the relative effect of inclusion of isocaloric amounts of saturated medium-chain fatty acids (hydrogenated coconut oil), saturated long-chain fatty acids (lard) and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (olive oil) on endpoints of NAFLD and insulin resistance. Methods Thirty-eight 15-d-old Iberian pigs were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 1) control (CON; n = 8): 0 g fructose, 10.5 g fat, and 187 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), 2) lard (LAR; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (100% lard) and 299 kcal ME, 3) hydrogenated coconut oil (COCO; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 16.9 g fat (42.5% lard and 57.5% coconut oil) and 299 kcal ME, and 4) olive oil (OLV, n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (43.5% lard and 56.5% olive oil) and 299 kcal ME, for 9 consecutive weeks. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 60 at 2 h post feeding, with all other serum measures assessed on d 70. Liver tissue was collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TG) quantification, and metabolomics analysis. Results Tissue histology indicated the presence of steatosis in LAR, COCO and OLV compared with CON (P ≤ 0.001), with a further increase in in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in OLV and COCO compared with LAR (P ≤ 0.01). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were higher in COCO and OLV (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. All treatment groups had lower liver concentrations of methyl donor's choline and betaine versus CON, while bile acids were differentially changed (P ≤ 0.05). COCO had higher levels of TGs with less carbons (Total carbons &lt; 52) than all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Several long-chain acylcarnitines involved in fat oxidation were higher in OLV versus all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Inclusion of fats enriched in medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in a high-fructose high-fat diet increased liver injury, compared with fats with a long-chain saturated fatty acid profile. Further research is required to investigate the mechanisms causing this difference in physiological response to these dietary fat sources. Funding Sources ARI, AcornSeekers.

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