Measurement of 5G new radio-base stations

2021 ◽  
pp. 647-674
Keyword(s):  
Base Stations ◽  
New Radio

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Cell-Level and Beam-Level Mobility Management System

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7124
Author(s):  
Roman Klus ◽  
Lucie Klus ◽  
Dmitrii Solomitckii ◽  
Jukka Talvitie ◽  
Mikko Valkama
Keyword(s):  
Mobility Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Received Power ◽  
New Radio

The deployment with beamforming-capable base stations in 5G New Radio (NR) requires an efficient mobility management system to reliably operate with minimum effort and interruption. In this work, we propose two artificial neural network models to optimize the cell-level and beam-level mobility management. Both models consist of convolutional, as well as dense, layer blocks. Based on current and past received power measurements, as well as positioning information, they choose the optimum serving cell and serving beam, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed cell-level mobility model is able to sustain a strong serving cell and reduce the number of handovers by up to 94.4% compared to the benchmark solution when the uncertainty (representing shadowing, interference, etc.) is introduced to the received signal strength measurements. The proposed beam-level mobility management model is able to proactively choose and sustain the strongest serving beam, even when high uncertainty is introduced to the measurements.

scholarly journals Using Infinite-server Resource Queue with Splitting of Requests for Modeling Two-channel Data Transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Bushkova ◽  
Svetlana Moiseeva ◽  
Alexander Moiseev ◽  
János Sztrik ◽  
Ekaterina Lisovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Arrival Process ◽  
Splitting Function ◽  
Wave Band ◽  
New Radio

AbstractNew Radio Access Technology 3GPP New Radio has become the fundamental wireless technology in the fifth-generation networks, which allows us to achieve high data rates due to the ability to work in the millimeter-wave band. But the key feature and the main problem of 5G New Radio networks is that people themselves, cars, buildings, etc. are signal blockers, while the base stations of the fourth generation networks have widescreen broadcasting and such small obstacles do not cause loss of connection. Service providers and mobile operators are already testing the proposed technology. In this connection, the scientific community has the task of analyzing the performance of these systems and increasing it in the future. Currently, there are known studies of “basic” mathematical models of such networks. By this term, we mean models built in the simplest possible assumptions. However, due to the justified necessity of introducing new technology into the daily lives of subscribers, service providers pose the scientific community with the task of analyzing the effectiveness of the most appropriate mathematical models. For example, a technology of splitting transmitted data into two streams using as 5G and both 4G transmission technologies is considered now by 3GPP Project Coordination Group. The paper is devoted to such a problem. We consider a mathematical model of the message transmitting with the implementation of the splitting function in the communication networks of New Radio technology in the form of a resource queueing system with a renewal arrival process and non-exponential service. For this problem, an approximation of a stationary two-dimensional probability distribution of the number of occupied resources in parallel service units is obtained. It is shown that this approximation coincides with the Gaussian distribution, and its area of applicability is shown.

scholarly journals Beamforming for Rotated 3D Multipanel Array Structures for 5G NR MIMO Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyukjun Lee ◽  
Wonjae Ryu ◽  
Wonjin Sung ◽  
Jonghyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Enhanced Transmission ◽  
3D Space ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Array Structures ◽  
Receiver Performance

5G new radio (NR) provides enhanced transmission capabilities to transceivers by utilizing the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with a significantly increased number of antenna elements. Such transmission requires massive arrays to perform accurate high-gain beamforming over the millimeter-wave frequency band. There is no fixed form of array structures for 5G NR base stations, but they are likely to include multiple subarrays or panels for practicality of implementation and are expected to cover the user equipment (UE) in various locations. In this paper, we propose an array structure to transmit signals over the three-dimensional (3D) space in an isotropic fashion for all types of UEs in ground, aerial, and high-rise building locations, by employing panels on surfaces of a polyhedron. We further derive exact beamforming equations for the proposed array and show the resulting beams provide improved receiver performance over the exiting conventional beamforming. The presented beamforming expressions can be applied to an arbitrary multipanel array with massive antenna elements.

scholarly journals Remote interference management in 5G new radio: methods and performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Peralta ◽  
Toni Levanen ◽  
Mikko Mäenpää ◽  
Youngsoo Yuk ◽  
Klaus Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Ofdm Symbol ◽  
New Radio ◽  
And Performance

AbstractIn time division duplexing based mobile networks, under certain atmospheric ducting conditions, the uplink reception may be interfered by the downlink transmissions of remote base-stations (gNBs) located hundreds of kilometers away. This paper addresses such remote interference problem in a 5G new radio (NR) macro deployment context. Specifically, two potential reference signal (RS) designs for remote interference management (RIM) are described. The first signal structure, denoted as the one OFDM symbol (1OS) based RIM-RS, is building on the channel state information reference signals of 5G NR. The second candidate is referred to as the two OFDM symbol based RIM-RS design, which builds on the design principles of LTE RIM-RS. The achievable detection performance is evaluated by introducing enhanced receiver algorithms together with three feasible propagation delay based gNB grouping and corresponding RIM-RS transmissions schemes. The performance results in terms of the receiver processing gain highlight that the improved detection algorithm assures sufficient performance to detect the remote interference for both RIM-RSs with all evaluated frequency domain comb-like patterns. The benefit of grouping corresponding RIM-RS transmissions from gNBs located on the same area is greater when using same frequency domain resources per transmitted sequence in practical interference scenarios. Furthermore, applying a common base sequence for all gNBs within a group allows to identify the group based on detected sequence and enables adaptive RIM mitigation schemes. On the other hand, it is shown that the 1OS RIM-RS provides smaller overhead and can be frequency multiplexed with the physical downlink shared channel, which opens up the possibility of using gNB group wise 1OS RIM-RS also for UE interference measurements.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Density of mmWave NR Deployments for Provisioning Multi-Layer VR Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Vitalii Beschastnyi ◽  
Daria Ostrikova ◽  
Roman Konyukhov ◽  
Elizaveta Golos ◽  
Alexander Chursin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Queuing Theory ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Directional Antenna ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Multicast Group ◽  
Multicast Service ◽  
New Radio

The 5G New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is designed for support bandwidth-greedy applications requiring extraordinary rates at the access interface. However, the use of directional antenna radiation patterns, as well as extremely large path losses and blockage phenomenon, requires efficient algorithms to support these services. In this study, we consider the multi-layer virtual reality (VR) service that utilizes multicast capabilities for baseline layer and unicast transmissions for delivering an enhanced experience. By utilizing the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory we develop a simple algorithm allowing to estimate the deployment density of mmWave NR base stations (BS) supporting prescribed delivery guarantees. Our numerical results show that the highest gains of utilizing multicast service for distributing base layer is observed for high UE densities. Despite of its simplicity, the proposed multicast group formation scheme operates close to the state-of-the-art algorithms utilizing the widest beams with longest coverage distance in approximately 50–70% of cases when UE density is λ≥0.3. Among other parameters, QoS profile and UE density have a profound impact on the required density of NR BSs while the effect of blockers density is non-linear having the greatest impact on strict QoS profiles. Depending on the system and service parameters the required density of NR BSs may vary in the range of 20–250 BS/km2.

Quantifying the millimeter wave new radio base stations density for network slicing with prescribed SLAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Yevgeni Koucheryavy ◽  
Ekaterina Lisovskaya ◽  
Dmitri Moltchanov ◽  
Roman Kovalchukov ◽  
Andrey Samuylov
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Network Slicing ◽  
New Radio

scholarly journals Protocol for Personal RF-EMF Exposure Measurement Studies in 5th Generation Telecommunication Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Velghe ◽  
Sam Aerts ◽  
Luc Martens ◽  
Wout Joseph ◽  
Arno Thielens
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Measurement ◽  
New Radio ◽  
5G Technologies ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background The general population is exposed to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) used by telecommunication networks. Previous studies developed methods to assess this exposure. These methods will be inadequate to accurately assess exposure in 5G technologies. This is due to the fact that 5G NR (new radio) base stations will focus actively on connected users, resulting in a high spatio-temporal variations in the RF-EMFs. This increases the measurement uncertainty in personal measurements of RF-EMF exposure. Furthermore, a user’s exposure from base stations will be dependent on the amount of data usage, adding a new component to the auto-induced exposure, which is often omitted in current studies. Methods The objective of this paper is to develop a general study protocol for future personal RF-EMF exposure research adapted to 5G technologies. This protocol will include the assessment of auto-induced exposure of both a user’s own devices and the networks’ base stations. Results To account for auto-induced exposure, an activity-based approach is introduced. In survey studies, an RF-EMF sensor is fixed on the participants’ mobile device(s). Based on the measured power density, GPS data and movement and proximity sensors, different activities can be clustered and the exposure during each activity is evaluated. In microenvironmental measurements, a trained researcher performs measurements in predefined microenvironments with a mobile device equipped with the RF-EMF sensor. The mobile device is programmed to repeat a sequence of data transmission scenarios (different amounts of uplink and downlink data transmissions). Based on simulations, the amount of exposure induced in the body when the user device is at a certain location relative to the body, can be evaluated. Conclusion Our protocol addresses the main challenges to personal exposure measurement introduced by 5G NR. A systematic method to evaluate a user’s auto-induced exposure is introduced.

scholarly journals Inter-Beam Co-Channel Downlink and Uplink Interference for 5G New Radio in mm-Wave Bands

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Kamil Bechta ◽  
Jan M. Kelner ◽  
Cezary Ziółkowski ◽  
Leszek Nowosielski
Keyword(s):  
Multipath Propagation ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Wave Band ◽  
Separation Angle ◽  
Interference Level ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Millimeter Wave Band ◽  
5G Systems

This paper presents a methodology for assessing co-channel interference that arises in multi-beam transmitting and receiving antennas used in fifth-generation (5G) systems. This evaluation is essential for minimizing spectral resources, which allows for using the same frequency bands in angularly separated antenna beams of a 5G-based station (gNodeB). In the developed methodology, a multi-ellipsoidal propagation model (MPM) provides a mapping of the multipath propagation phenomenon and considers the directivity of antenna beams. To demonstrate the designation procedure of interference level we use simulation tests. For exemplary scenarios in downlink and uplink, we showed changes in a signal-to-interference ratio versus a separation angle between the serving (useful) and interfering beams and the distance between the gNodeB and user equipment. This evaluation is the basis for determining the minimum separation angle for which an acceptable interference level is ensured. The analysis was carried out for the lower millimeter-wave band, which is planned to use in 5G micro-cells base stations.

Developing GIS portal to ensure sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of transferring radio engineering objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-350
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Zibarev ◽  
A. S. Afanasev ◽  
O. V. Slusareva ◽  
T. I. Muragimov ◽  
V. A. Stepanets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Information Portal ◽  
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Online Mode ◽  
Automated Processes

In recent years, in the Russian Federation there has been an increase in the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas, including due to an increase in the number of base stations (BS). The purpose of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance at the stages of placement and commissioning of base stations (BS) is to prevent their adverse effects on public health. The increase in the number of base stations, together with the advent of new electronic equipment and antennas, provide opportunities for improving the processes of their accounting at the stage of placement and monitoring of the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at the operation stage. This automation tool can be a geo-information portal for providing sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of cellular base stations. The prototype of the geo-information portal allows both calculating the size of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) and building restriction zones (RZ) from the BS in online mode, displaying the results of calculations in graphical form and issuing sanitary and epidemiological conclusions for the placement and operation of base stations. The geo-information portal has the ability to synchronize with the data of the radio frequency center. Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing will be able to receive up-to-date analytical data. There will be completely automated processes of collecting, processing and storing information on BS.

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