Practical low voltage 2×2 polarisation independent LiNbO3 digital optical switch

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. McGuire ◽  
M. Scott ◽  
A.P. Thomas ◽  
R.C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch

Design of a low voltage driving electro-optical switch

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
付博 Fu Bo ◽  
张大勇 Zhang Dayong ◽  
罗飞 Luo Fei ◽  
骆永全 Luo Yongquan ◽  
沈志学 Shen Zhixue
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch

Investigation of a low-voltage polymeric 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical switch using five-serial-coupled electro-optic microrings

Optik ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuiting Li ◽  
Wenxue Zheng ◽  
Peipei Dang ◽  
Chuantao Zheng ◽  
Daming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Zehnder Interferometer ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Mach Zehnder Interferometer

Low-loss, low-voltage, AlGaAs/GaAs high speed optical switch with doping and composition graded heterojunction interfaces

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Sun ◽  
Julian Noad ◽  
Robert James ◽  
David Coulas ◽  
Shaochun Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Low Loss

Low-voltage micromachining-based scalable optical switch

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Bao ◽  
Ye Yuan ◽  
Zhonghui Cao ◽  
Xiaodong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch

A high-speed low-voltage stress-induced micromachined 2 x 2 optical switch

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1396-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.T. Chen ◽  
H. Nguyen ◽  
M.C. Wu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Optical Switch ◽  
Voltage Stress

Processing of human melanoma cells for correlative TEM, LVSEM, and LM

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
Marek Malecki ◽  
J. Victor Small ◽  
James Pawley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Develop Technology ◽  
Voltage Scanning ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adhesion

The relative roles of adhesion and locomotion in malignancy have yet to be clearly established. In a tumor, subpopulations of cells may be recognized according to their capacity to invade neighbouring tissue,or to enter the blood stream and metastasize. The mechanisms of adhesion and locomotion are themselves tightly linked to the cytoskeletal apparatus and cell surface topology, including expression of integrin receptors. In our studies on melanomas with Fluorescent Microscopy (FM) and Cell Sorter(FACS), we noticed that cells in cultures derived from metastases had more numerous actin bundles, then cells from primary foci. Following this track, we attempted to develop technology allowing to compare ultrastructure of these cells using correlative Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) and Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy(LVSEM).

High-pressure freezing of cells in suspension for low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM)

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Marek Malecki ◽  
James Pawley ◽  
Hans Ris
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Pressure Freezing ◽  
Cell Culture Media ◽  
Voltage Scanning

The ultrastructure of cells suspended in physiological fluids or cell culture media can only be studied if the living processes are stopped while the cells remain in suspension. Attachment of living cells to carrier surfaces to facilitate further processing for electron microscopy produces a rapid reorganization of cell structure eradicating most traces of the structures present when the cells were in suspension. The structure of cells in suspension can be immobilized by either chemical fixation or, much faster, by rapid freezing (cryo-immobilization). The fixation speed is particularly important in studies of cell surface reorganization over time. High pressure freezing provides conditions where specimens up to 500μm thick can be frozen in milliseconds without ice crystal damage. This volume is sufficient for cells to remain in suspension until frozen. However, special procedures are needed to assure that the unattached cells are not lost during subsequent processing for LVSEM or HVEM using freeze-substitution or freeze drying. We recently developed such a procedure.

Development of a conical anode Fe-gun for low voltage SEM

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
T. Miyokawa ◽  
S. Norioka ◽  
S. Goto
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Irradiation Damage ◽  
Cold Cathode ◽  
Virtual Source ◽  
Source Position ◽  
Electrostatic Lens ◽  
Electrostatic Lenses ◽  
Wide Range

Field emission SEMs (FE-SEMs) are becoming popular due to their high resolution needs. In the field of semiconductor product, it is demanded to use the low accelerating voltage FE-SEM to avoid the electron irradiation damage and the electron charging up on samples. However the accelerating voltage of usual SEM with FE-gun is limited until 1 kV, which is not enough small for the present demands, because the virtual source goes far from the tip in lower accelerating voltages. This virtual source position depends on the shape of the electrostatic lens. So, we investigated several types of electrostatic lenses to be applicable to the lower accelerating voltage. In the result, it is found a field emission gun with a conical anode is effectively applied for a wide range of low accelerating voltages.A field emission gun usually consists of a field emission tip (cold cathode) and the Butler type electrostatic lens.

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