Esophagus

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Arash Babaei
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Esophageal Anatomy

The esophagus is an important conduit between the oropharynx and the stomach. Having an understanding of the esophageal anatomy and physiology may allow the deglutologist to analyze a patient's signs and symptoms in order to arrive at a differential diagnosis, management, and treatment plan. This article describes the esophageal anatomy and physiology, including the important reflexes that underscore the interrelatedness of the oropharynx, airway, and esophagus.

The eye in general medicine

2020 ◽  
pp. 6399-6442
Author(s):  
Tasanee Braithwaite ◽  
Richard W. Lee ◽  
Peng T. Khaw
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
General Health ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
General Medical Practice ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology

The integrity of ocular anatomy and physiology, the function of the visual system, and the perception of vision, our most prized sense, are intimately connected with our general health. Subtle visual signs and symptoms may therefore be the first manifestation of occult systemic disease. With a basic history and examination of the eyes and vision, the physician can narrow the differential diagnosis and ascertain whether there is any immediate threat to vision or even life. The major focus of this chapter is the eye in the context of a range of vascular, haematological, neoplastic, inflammatory, endocrine, genetic, metabolic, toxic, and nutritional disorders. This chapter also considers the leading causes of blindness globally, and common ocular presentations in primary care and general medical practice. Other isolated ocular conditions are excluded and neuro-ophthalmological conditions are referred to elsewhere in this book (Chapters 24.6.1 and 24.6.2).

What Diagnoses are Associated with Psychosis?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Compton ◽  
Beth Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Exam ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Additional Information

As described in Chapter 1, psychosis is a syndrome. This syndrome can include a number of different signs and symptoms (see Chapter 2 on What Are the Symptoms of Psychosis?). In this chapter, we discuss the different diagnoses that may relate to psychosis. A diagnosis is a specific medical term given to an illness or syndrome by health-care providers. When a doctor evaluates someone experiencing psychosis, he or she gathers as much information as possible. This information comes from a detailed psychiatric interview and observations, medical records, additional information from family members, a physical exam, cognitive assessments, lab tests, and other types of evaluations to determine the illness underlying the episode of psychosis (see Chapter 5 on The Initial Evaluation of Psychosis). While gathering information to evaluate a first episode of psychosis, the doctor often comes up with a differential diagnosis. This is a list of the most likely reasons for the syndrome, in this case, psychosis. Doctors generally use a differential diagnosis to list the possible illness underlying any health problem. For example, if you go to the doctor for a fever, the doctor may make a list of possible reasons for the fever, such as a minor nose cold caused by a virus, strep throat caused by bacteria, pneumonia, meningitis, or other infections. To narrow down this list to the most likely diagnosis, the doctor then uses information from the history (asking questions), physical exam, and lab tests. Oftentimes a doctor uses a working diagnosis to guide treatment planning even if he or she has yet to decide on a final diagnosis. It is important for patients and families to recognize that making a specific diagnosis often requires long-term information that often is not fully available when a person first comes in for treatment. Being unsure about the diagnosis is one reason why a differential diagnosis and a working diagnosis are so important. A working diagnosis allows the doctor to begin an effective treatment plan even though a final diagnosis may not yet be clear. Some patients and families may want to get a specific diagnosis and may be skeptical when the doctor cannot yet definitively provide one.

scholarly journals Ultrasound evaluation of dialysis access-related distal ischaemia

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982093242
Author(s):  
N Pirozzi ◽  
L De Alexandris ◽  
J Scrivano ◽  
L Fazzari ◽  
J Malik
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Dialysis Access ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Vein Catheter ◽  
Ultrasound Evaluation ◽  
Central Vein Catheter

Dialysis access-related distal ischaemia is a rare yet potentially rather risky complication of haemodialysis angioaccess. Timely diagnosis is crucial to target both the goals of the access team: first of all to preserve the function of the hand ideally along with angioaccess patency. Unfortunately for some patients, urgent access ligation and central vein catheter insertion would be needed to save the hand. After a first clinical examination to determine the diagnostic suspicion, the ultrasound evaluation would provide nearly all the needed information to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the most appropriate procedure to rescue the patient from distal ischaemia. In some cases, photoplethysmography would help in the differential diagnosis of other non-ischaemic causes of similar signs and symptoms. Angiography would complete the preoperative evaluation for some. Dialysis access-related distal ischaemia would be briefly reviewed, and a deep description of the ultrasound examination tools and findings would be provided for a tailored therapeutic approach.

The Psychiatric Interview and Mental Status Examination

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Social History ◽  
Mental Status ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Psychomotor Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mental Status Examination

The interview and mental status examination are integral to the comprehensive patient assessment and typically follow a standard approach that most medical students and residents learn. The psychiatrist should adjust his or her interview style and information-gathering approach to suit the patient and the situation. For example, inpatients are typically more symptomatic than outpatients, may be in the hospital on an involuntary basis, and may be too ill to participate in even the briefest interview. Note taking is an essential task but should not interfere with patient rapport. The interview should be organized in a systematic fashion that, although covering all essential elements, is relatively stereotyped so that it allows the psychiatrist to commit the format to memory that, once learned, can be varied. The psychiatrist should start by documenting the patient’s identifying characteristics (age, gender, marital status) and then proceed to the chief complaint, history of the present illness, past medical history, family and social history, use of drugs and alcohol, medications, and previous treatments. A formal mental status includes assessment of the patient’s appearance, attitude, and behavior; orientation and sensorium; mood and affect; psychomotor activity; thought process, speech, and thought content; memory and cognition (including attention and abstraction); and judgment and insight. With the data collected, the psychiatrist will construct an accurate history of the symptoms that will serve as the basis for developing a differential diagnosis, followed by the development of a comprehensive treatment plan. This review contains 1 figure, 3 tables, and 12 references. Key words: assessment, differential diagnosis, interviewing, mental status examination, treatment plan

scholarly journals Warning Signs and Symptoms of Oral Cancer and its Differential Diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Kavitha Muthu ◽  
Vedam Vaishnavi ◽  
Ganapathy Sivadas
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Warning Signs

scholarly journals Hypothyroidism with special reference to kaphavruta udana vayu – an overview study.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragati Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Clinical Correlation ◽  
Health Issues

Hypothyroidism is one of the fastest rising health issues in India, with the prevalence rate of 10.95% ~1 in 10 adults. Thus, it is of great need to deal with this ever-emerging disease. In Ayurveda, Hypothyroidism is often taken as Rasa - pradoshaja vyadhi and treated accordingly but the outcome is not as expected always. So, there is a need to find out other conditions which shows similar signs and symptoms as hypothyroidism and that can be considered in differential diagnosis. In Modern medicine the causes of Hypothyroidism are differentiated in deficiency, insufficiency of hormone, inefficiency of gland, autoimmune disorder, Cancer etc. In our study we will refer it with Kaphavruta udana vayu vikriti with the help of classical textual references which will be helpful in the treatment precisely. Aims & objective – 1. To evaluate co-relation between hypothyroidism with kaphavruta udana vayu vikruti 2. To evaluate action of erand sneh in kaphavruta udana vayu vikruti Methodology – All classical texts were referred like Bruhtrayi & Laghutrayi and others to evaluate the clinical correlation of hypothyroidism and kaphavruta udana vayu vikruti. Whether line of treatment mentioned in kaphavruta udana vayu vikruti shows the positive result in hypothyroidism. Conclusion –It was observed that the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism were very much similar with kapha vruta udana vayu vikruti. Hypothyroidism can successes fully be referred as Kaphavruta udana yavu vikruti. According to textual references we can utilize Eranda Sneha Nasya & Paan in the management of hypothyroidism. Thus, it has significant role in reducing the signs and Symptoms of Hypothyroidism because of its Vata - kaphhara, srotovishodhan, Anulomana, vrushya actions. Further studies and clinical trials are essential to evaluate the efficacy of erand sneha and correlation between hypothyroidism & kaphavruta udana vayu vikriti.

Signs and Symptoms in Pediatrics

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Heart Murmurs ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Ongoing Care

This convenient handbook is a comprehensive guide to the evaluation and treatment of more than 80 signs and symptoms. It is organized alphabetically, and each entry includes history and physical examinations; causes; differential diagnosis; diagnostic procedures; treatment approaches including when to refer and when to admit; ongoing care and follow-up; and prevention. Contents include: Abdominal pain Anxiety Back pain Chest pain Depression Diarrhea and steatorrhea Dizziness and vertigo Fatigue and weakness Fever Headache Heart murmurs Jaundice Rash Red eye/pink eye Sleep disturbances Speech and language concerns Vomiting Wheezing And more!

Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Nee ◽  
Jacqueline L. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex, functional gastrointestinal condition characterized by abdominal pain and alteration in bowel habits without an organic cause. One of the subcategories of this disorder is IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D). Clinically, patients who present with more than 3 months of abdominal pain or discomfort associated with an increase in stool frequency and/or loose stool form are defined as having IBS-D. This review addresses IBS-D, detailing the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and physical examination findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, emerging therapies, complications, and prognosis. Figures show potential mechanisms and pathophysiology of IBS, IBS-D suspected by clinical assessment and Rome III criteria, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options, potential mechanisms of action of probiotics, and potential treatment modalities. Tables list the Rome criteria for IBS, alarm signs and symptoms suggestive of alternative diagnoses, IBS criteria, differential diagnosis of IBS-D, dietary advice options for IBS-D, and alternative and emerging therapies in IBS-D. This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables and 42 references KEYWORDS: IBS-D, eluxadoline, rifaximin, probiotics, bloating, antidepressants, bile acid malabsorption, microscopic colitis, celiac

Herpangina: The Etiologic Spectrum

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-634
Author(s):  
James D. Cherry ◽  
Charles L. Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Enterovirus Infection ◽  
Febrile Disease

The etiology of herpangitic enanthem cannot be restricted to certain Coxsackie A viruses. Zahorsky1, 2 and others3-5 considered herpangina a specific febrile disease, but in light of more recent studies6-17 and the presently reported cases, it would seem more appropriate to restrict the use of the term "herpangina" to the description of the characteristic oropharyngeal lesions. Enanthem is one of the protean manifestations of enterovirus infection and is must be included along with other signs and symptoms in the over-all differential diagnosis of summer febrile illness.

History and examination

2014 ◽  
pp. xviii-22
Author(s):  
David A. Mitchell ◽  
Laura Mitchell ◽  
Lorna McCaul
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Advanced Imaging

Contents. Relevant pages in other chapters. Principal sources. Listen, look, and learn. Presenting complaint. The dental history. The medical history. Medical examinatio. Examination of the head and neck. Examination of the mouth. Investigations—general. Investigations—specific. Radiology and radiography. Advanced imaging techniques. Differential diagnosis and treatment plan.

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