Variations Across Time in Acoustic and Electroglottographic Measures of Phonatory Function in Women With and Without Vocal Nodules

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Dailey Hall
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Vocal Nodules ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this investigation was to identify variations over time in phonatory function of women with and without vocal nodules using acoustic and electroglottographic measures. Subjects were 10 women with vocal nodules (mean age=22.1, range=19–25) and 10 women with healthy larynges (mean age=25.0, range=18–32). Electroglottographic and audio recordings of speech were obtained for each subject over 3 consecutive days at three target times: morning, afternoon, and evening. Estimates of fundamental frequency (Hz), jitter (msec), shimmer (dB), and signal-to-noise ratio (dB) were made from a 1000 msec midportion of the vowel /α/ produced in a carrier phrase. In addition, a closed-to-open ratio was derived from the EGG duty cycle of the same 1000 msec segment and used to estimate timing characteristics of vocal fold vibration. The results showed no significant differences between the groups regarding a pattern of change in the acoustic or the EGG measures across times throughout the day. Furthermore, the experimental group demonstrated significantly lower closed-to-open ratios than the control group. With this exception, no other statistically significant differences between the groups were found.

scholarly journals Values of Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm-Based Low-Dose Computed Tomography Imaging in Clinical Diagnosis of Cerebral Hemorrhage

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yifei Wang ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Jincai Fang ◽  
Yunnong Song ◽  
Jianguo Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Low Dose Ct ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Dose Computed Tomography ◽  
Experimental Group

In this study, the sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) technology combined with low-dose computed tomography (CT) scanning technology was applied to scan patients with cerebral hemorrhage to evaluate the application value of this combined technology in the diagnosis of patients with cerebral hemorrhage. 132 patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted to the hospital were selected randomly as the research objects in this study. According to the patients’ wishes, all of them were rolled into an experimental group and a control group. Besides, patients who were willing to use low-dose CT imaging scanning technology based on the SAFIRE algorithm were classified into the experimental group, and those who received simple low-dose CT scans were classified into the control group. Subjective score, objective score (mean CT value), image noise (SD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-noise ratio (CNR) were used to analyze and compare the two groups of detection methods. The results showed the following: (1) The average result of CT images was 4.05 ± 0.28 points for the control group and 4.43 ± 0.59 points for the experimental group. According to the classification, the excellent and good rates of the experimental group (89.9%) were markedly higher than the rates of the control group (65.8%), with a statistically obvious difference ( P  < 0.05). (2) The standard deviation (SD), image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-noise ratio (CNR) results of gray matter, white matter, and cerebral hemorrhage lesions of patients from the experimental group were better than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P  < 0.05). In conclusion, the image quality of a low-dose CT scan reconstructed by the SAFIRE algorithm was superior to that of a simple low-dose CT scan. In other words, the image quality of CT images could be guaranteed by the SAFIRE technology under the condition of reducing radiation dose. It enabled patients with cerebral hemorrhage to carry out diagnostic examinations with guaranteed accuracy under the risk of low radiation and provided better imaging services for patients with cerebral hemorrhage.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽  
Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Caio Henrique Turco ◽  
Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽  
Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

scholarly journals Effect of Subglottic Stenosis on Vocal Fold Vibration and Voice Production Using Fluid–Structure–Acoustics Interaction Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Dariush Bodaghi ◽  
Qian Xue ◽  
Xudong Zheng ◽  
Scott Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Subglottic Stenosis ◽  
Fluid Structure ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Glottal Flow

An in-house 3D fluid–structure–acoustic interaction numerical solver was employed to investigate the effect of subglottic stenosis (SGS) on dynamics of glottal flow, vocal fold vibration and acoustics during voice production. The investigation focused on two SGS properties, including severity defined as the percentage of area reduction and location. The results show that SGS affects voice production only when its severity is beyond a threshold, which is at 75% for the glottal flow rate and acoustics, and at 90% for the vocal fold vibrations. Beyond the threshold, the flow rate, vocal fold vibration amplitude and vocal efficiency decrease rapidly with SGS severity, while the skewness quotient, vibration frequency, signal-to-noise ratio and vocal intensity decrease slightly, and the open quotient increases slightly. Changing the location of SGS shows no effect on the dynamics. Further analysis reveals that the effect of SGS on the dynamics is primarily due to its effect on the flow resistance in the entire airway, which is found to be related to the area ratio of glottis to SGS. Below the SGS severity of 75%, which corresponds to an area ratio of glottis to SGS of 0.1, changing the SGS severity only causes very small changes in the area ratio; therefore, its effect on the flow resistance and dynamics is very small. Beyond the SGS severity of 75%, increasing the SGS severity, leads to rapid increases of the area ratio, resulting in rapid changes in the flow resistance and dynamics.

scholarly journals The effects of collaboration scripts on the number and quality of student interactions in a social annotation tool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent De Boer ◽  
Howard Spoelstra
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Baseline Measurement ◽  
Student Interactions ◽  
Collaboration Scripts ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Active And Collaborative Learning ◽  
Social Annotation ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Social Annotation (SA) tools can be used to facilitate active and collaborative learning when students have to study academic texts. However, making these tools available does not ensure students participate in argumentative discussions. Scaffolding students by means of collaborations scripts geared towards collaboration and discussion encourages students to engage in meaningful, high-quality interactions. We conducted an experiment with students (n=59) in a course running at a Dutch university, using the SA tool Perusall. A control group received normal instructions, while an experimental group received scaffolding through collaboration scripts. The results showed a significant increase in the number of responses to fellow students for the experimental group compared to the control group. The quality of the annotations, measured on levels of Bloom’s taxonomy, increased significantly for the experimental group compared to both its baseline measurement and the control group. However, when scaffolding was faded out over subsequent assignments these differences became non-significant. The experimental groups’ increased quality of annotations did not remain over time, suggesting that internalization of the scripts was not achieved.

Personality and Voice Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Roy ◽  
Diane M. Bless ◽  
Dennis Heisey
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Functional Dysphonia ◽  
Vocal Nodules ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
And Control

To determine whether personality factors play causal, concomitant, or consequential roles in common voice disorders, a vocally normal control group and four groups with voice disorders—functional dysphonia (FD), vocal nodules (VN), spasmodic dysphonia (SD), and unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP)—were compared on measures of personality and psychological adjustment. Superfactor group comparisons revealed that the majority of FD and VN subjects were classified as introverts and extraverts, respectively. Comparisons involving the SD, UVFP, and control subjects did not identify consistent personality differences. The disability hypothesis, which suggests that personality features and emotional maladjustment are solely a negative consequence of vocal disability, was not supported. Personality variables and their behavioral consequences may therefore contribute to FD and VN. Results are presented within the context of a dispositional theory offered by Roy and Bless (2000a).

Can a Commercially Available Auditory Training Program Improve Audiovisual Speech Performance?

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3S) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dania Rishiq ◽  
Aparna Rao ◽  
Tess Koerner ◽  
Harvey Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
B Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine whether hearing aids in combination with computer-based auditory training improve audiovisual (AV) performance compared with the use of hearing aids alone. Method Twenty-four participants were randomized into an experimental group (hearing aids plus ReadMyQuips [RMQ] training) and a control group (hearing aids only). The Multimodal Lexical Sentence Test for Adults (Kirk et al., 2012) was used to measure auditory-only (AO) and AV speech perception performance at three signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Participants were tested at the time of hearing aid fitting (pretest), after 4 weeks of hearing aid use (posttest I), and again after 4 weeks of RMQ training (posttest II). Results Results did not reveal an effect of training. As expected, interactions were found between (a) modality (AO vs. AV) and SNR and (b) test (pretest vs. posttests) and SNR. Conclusion Data do not show a significant effect of RMQ training on AO or AV performance as measured using the Multimodal Lexical Sentence Test for Adults.

scholarly journals Effect of Aerobic Training on Cognitive Function and Arterial Stiffness in Sedentary Young Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Asamoah ◽  
Jason Siegler ◽  
Dennis Chang ◽  
Andrew Scholey ◽  
Alan Yeung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

This study measured cognitive and vascular responses to aerobic training in sedentary young adults. Ten adults (6 women, 4 men; 18–29 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental or no-treatment control group. The experimental group engaged in a 6-week intervention, performed on exercise cycle and treadmill, 3x/week, 50 min/session; intensity was increased over time. Outcome measures included arterial stiffness (augmentation index, AIx, and pulse pressure), cardiorespiratory fitness (), and cognitive function (attention, processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function). Participants randomized to aerobic training improved processing speed versus control (, ES = 0.55). However, no group × time effects were noted in other domains of cognitive function. AIx was reduced by approximately 16% from before to after intervention in the experimental group; however, the improvement was not statistically significant versus control (, ES = 0.22). Pulse pressure did not change between groups over time (, ES = 0.0). increased by approximately 10% in the experimental group; however, the change was not significant between groups over time (, ES = 0.27). Vascular and cognitive adaptations to aerobic training may move in parallel. Robust trials simultaneously investigating a broad spectrum of aerobic training interventions and vascular and cognitive outcomes are warranted.

Finite Element Modeling of Vocal Fold Vibration in Normal Phonation and Hyperfunctional Dysphonia: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Vocal Nodules

1998 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 603-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack J. Jiang ◽  
Carlos E. Diaz ◽  
David G. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Element Modeling ◽  
Modeling Technology ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Vocal Nodules ◽  
High Mechanical Stress

A computer model of the vocal fold was developed using finite element modeling technology for studying mechanical stress distribution over vibrating vocal fold tissue. In a simulated normal phonation mode, mechanical stress was found to be lowest at the midpoint of the vocal fold and highest at tendon attachments. However, when other modes predominated, high mechanical stress could occur at the midpoint of the vocal folds. When a vocal fold mass was modeled, high shearing stress occurred at the base of the modeled vocal fold mass, suggesting that the presence of a vocal nodule or polyp is associated with high mechanical stress at the margins of the mass. This finding supports a hypothesis that mechanical intraepithelial stress plays an important role in the development of vocal nodules, polyps, and other lesions that are usually ascribed to hyperfunctional dysphonia.

Quantitative Spectral Evaluation of Shimmer and Jitter

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Klingholz ◽  
Frank Martin
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Synthesized Speech ◽  
Spectral Evaluation

A vowel [a]-like, synthesized speech wave was perturbated by defined and comparable jitter and shimmer levels. The signal-to-noise ratio was calculated from the speech wave spectra. Noise emerges in those spectral regions in which the harmonics have high amplitudes, that is, at low frequencies and in the formant regions. Jitter created noise levels significantly higher than shimmer. To verify the theoretical findings, the voices of 32 women with functional voice disorders were analyzed for shimmer and jitter. It was found that only jitter is relevant for differentiating between hypo- and hyperfunctional voice disorders. Jitter was reduced in hyperfunctional voice disorder. This is presumed to be an effect of the high vocal fold tension found in the disorder.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ginger on Preventing Post-spinal Puncture Headache in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Banafsheh Mashak ◽  
Maryam Hashemnejad ◽  
Kourosh Kabir ◽  
Mansoureh Refaei ◽  
Sara Esmaelzadeh Saeieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Spinal Puncture ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Post-spinal puncture headache (PSPH) has constantly been one of the research priorities, especially in women undergoing cesarean section (C-section) and it is related to physical and psychological problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ginger on preventing PSPH in patients undergoing C-section. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 160 women undergoing C-section with spinal anesthesia, who were eligible to enter the study in the experimental and control groups. One ginger capsule (250 mg) was prescribed every 8 hours (TDS) to the experimental group 24 hours before the C-section. The prescription of ginger was continued half an hour after transfer to the post-partum ward until the PSPH onset. PSPH intensity was measured by using visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 6 timepoints (Time 1=30, Time 2=60, and Time 3=90 minutes vs. Time 4=3, Time 5 =6, and Time 6=12 hours) after C-section. No interventions were performed in the control group. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software by descriptive statistics and analytical tests were applied to determine the changes in PSPH intensity. Results: The comparison results of the mean score of PSPH intensity in the experimental and control groups indicated significant differences over time (P<0.05), except for the sixth time point (12 hours after C-section). In addition, the trend of changes at 6 timepoints based on the results of the repeated-measures test demonstrated that PSPH intensity significantly differed in the two groups over time (P<0.001). Conclusions: Based on the result, the oral prescription of ginger to women undergoing C-section under spinal anesthesia led to effective PSPH prevention at 5 time-points (30, 60, and 90 minutes, along with 3 and 6 hours). Further, the trend of the changes represented that the intensity of PSPH decreased in the experimental group over time. Therefore, ginger is suggested as a noninvasive and efficient method used for preventing PSPH.

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