Auditory Stimulation, Rhythm, and Stuttering

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Linda J. Johnson ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel ◽  
Samuel K. Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Loud Noise ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Rhythmic Stimulation ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Significant Change

In a previous experiment, Martin, Siegel, Johnson, and Haroldson (1984) found that stutterers reduced their stuttering under amplified sidetone, but only if the amplified sidetone condition had been preceded by a condition of speaking in noise. The authors speculated that when stutterers were exposed initially to loud noise and its attendant reduction in stuttering, they became "sensitized" to reduced stuttering in any subsequent condition where their auditory feedback was modified. The current experiment tested that hypothesis with 24 adult stutterers divided evenly into three groups. One group of stutterers spoke with no auditory stimulation (quiet), then while receiving 100 dB SPL white noise, and then while receiving amplified sidetone (0, +10, +20 dB SPL). A second group spoke in quiet, then while receiving amplified sidetone, and then while receiving amplified sidetone again. A third group spoke in quiet, then while receiving rhythmic stimulation, and then while receiving amplified sidetone. Relative to vocal intensity in quiet, stutterers spoke with increased vocal intensity during noise, with decreased vocal intensity during amplified sidetone, and with no significant change in vocal intensity during rhythmic stimulation. Relative to stuttering frequency in quiet, subjects spoke with decreased stuttering frequency during loud noise and during amplified sidetone, but only when the amplified sidetone was preceded by the loud noise condition. These results are discussed in terms of the "sensitizationrdquo; hypothesis.

Effects of Noise and Increased Vocal Intensity on Stuttering

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon F. Garber ◽  
Richard R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Presence And Absence

The present study was designed to assess the effects of increased vocal level on stuttering in the presence and absence of noise, and to assess the effects of noise on stuttering with and without a concomitant increase in vocal level. Accordingly, eight adult stutterers spoke in quiet with normal vocal level, in quiet with increased vocal level, in noise with normal level, and in noise with increased level. All subjects reduced stuttering in noise compared with quiet conditions. However, there was no difference in stuttering when subjects spoke with normal compared with increased vocal level. In the present study, reductions in stuttering under noise could not be explained by increases in vocal level. It appears, instead, that reductions in stuttering were related to a decrease in auditory feedback. The condition which resulted in the largest decrease in auditory feedback, speaking in noise with a normal level, also resulted in the largest decrease in stuttering.

scholarly journals Acoustic voice characteristics with and without wearing a facemask

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duy Duong Nguyen ◽  
Patricia McCabe ◽  
Donna Thomas ◽  
Alison Purcell ◽  
Maree Doble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Voice

AbstractFacemasks are essential for healthcare workers but characteristics of the voice whilst wearing this personal protective equipment are not well understood. In the present study, we compared acoustic voice measures in recordings of sixteen adults producing standardised vocal tasks with and without wearing either a surgical mask or a KN95 mask. Data were analysed for mean spectral levels at 0–1 kHz and 1–8 kHz regions, an energy ratio between 0–1 and 1–8 kHz (LH1000), harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS), and vocal intensity. In connected speech there was significant attenuation of mean spectral level at 1–8 kHz region and there was no significant change in this measure at 0–1 kHz. Mean spectral levels of vowel did not change significantly in mask-wearing conditions. LH1000 for connected speech significantly increased whilst wearing either a surgical mask or KN95 mask but no significant change in this measure was found for vowel. HNR was higher in the mask-wearing conditions than the no-mask condition. CPPS and vocal intensity did not change in mask-wearing conditions. These findings implied an attenuation effects of wearing these types of masks on the voice spectra with surgical mask showing less impact than the KN95.

Effects of Five Experimental Treatments on Stuttering

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martin ◽  
Samuel K. Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Change Scores ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Twenty adult stutterers were exposed to each of five experimental treatments: time-out, noise, delayed auditory feedback (DAF), “wrong” and metronome. In each session a subject spoke for 20 minutes without treatment (baserate) followed by 30 minutes in one of the five experimental conditions. Before the five treatment sessions, subjects accomplished three pre-experimental tasks: expectancy, changeability, and adaptation tasks. Percent stuttering decreased significantly in all conditions, and stuttering duration reduced significantly in all but the noise condition. The amount of reduction in percent stuttering from baserate to treatment (change score) in time-out was positively related to the change scores in DAF and metronome. Change scores in metronome were positively related to change scores in time-out and “wrong.” Percent stuttering change scores in noise, DAF, and “wrong” were essentially unrelated. Stuttering duration change scores were related only for the time-out and DAF, and metronome and DAF conditions. In general, the pre-experimental expectancy, changeability, and adaptation scores were unrelated to change scores in any of the experimental conditions. Words spoken per minute did not change significantly from baserate to treatment for any experimental condition except time-out.

A Comparison of Supplementary Feeding Systems for Twin Rearing Mule Ewes during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
B G Merrell ◽  
S P Marsh ◽  
B A Hedley
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Feeding Systems

The results of a previous experiment showed that when the amount of compound feed fed to crossbred ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation was reduced, being replaced by feed-blocks, animal performance was maintained and that the cost of supplementary feeding was similar. In the same experiment, when compound was replaced totally by feed-blocks plus Scotmol® (a blend of molasses and pot ale syrup), feed costs were considerably reduced, but animal performance was not acceptable (Merrell and Marsh, 1994). In the current experiment done at ADAS Redesdale in 1994 the proportion of compound feed replaced by feed-blocks was increased compared with the previous experiment, in an attempt to reduce feed costs, and the feasibility of replacing part or all of the copmound with cane molasses and fishmeal was tested.

The Anticipatory Struggle Hypothesis: Implications of Research on the Variability of Stuttering

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Motor Plan

Answers consistent with the anticipatory struggle hypothesis are suggested for several questions which have received a large share of experimenters' attention in recent years. The metronome effect may be due in part to the simplification of motor planning which results from reduction of speech to small units, and in part to distraction. The adaptation effect appears to be due largely to repeated rehearsal of the motor plan. An important factor in the white noise and DAF effects seems to be simply the rule that almost any novel form of auditory feedback may serve to reduce stuttering. Finally, the inconsistent effects of punishment on stuttering appear reasonable on the basis of the anticipatory struggle hypothesis when this concept is precisely formulated in behavioral terms.

Auditory feedback on the regulation of vocal intensity of preschool children.

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Siegel ◽  
Herbert L. Pick ◽  
Marsha G. Olsen ◽  
Linda Sawin
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Vocal Intensity

The Effects of Different Types of Environmental Noise on Academic Performance and Perceived Task Difficulty in Adolescents With ADHD

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren P. Batho ◽  
Rhonda Martinussen ◽  
Judith Wiener
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Writing Fluency ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Academic Tasks ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Total Words Written ◽  
Youth With Adhd

Objective: To examine the effects of environmental noises (speech and white noise) relative to a no noise control condition on the performance and difficulty ratings of youth with ADHD ( N = 52) on academic tasks. Method: Reading performance was measured by an oral retell (reading accuracy) and the time spent reading. Writing performance was measured through the proportion of correct writing sequences (writing accuracy) and the total words written on an essay. Results: Participants in the white noise condition took less time to read the passage and wrote more words on the essay compared with participants in the other conditions, though white noise did not improve academic accuracy. The participants in the babble condition rated the tasks as most difficult. Conclusion: Although white noise appears to improve reading time and writing fluency, the findings suggest that white noise does not improve performance accuracy. Educational implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Auditory feedback alters postural control and functional ability in patients with chronic stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Sung Lim ◽  
Jiseon Ryu ◽  
Sihyun Ryu
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Post Intervention

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of white noise on dynamic balance in patients with stroke and the pre- and post-intervention changes in dynamic balance during walking by analyzing the anterior-posterior (A-P) and medial-lateral (M-L) center of pressure (CoP) range and velocity, center of mass (CoM), and A-P/M-L inclination angle using CoM-CoP and to establish the basis for using auditory feedback as an effective means of exercise intervention by bringing changes in dynamic balance abilities of patients with chronic stroke and retain the necessary abilities for maintaining independent and functional daily living.Methods: Nineteen patients with chronic stroke (age: 61.2±9.8 years, height: 164.4±7.4 cm, weight: 61.1±9.4 kg, paretic side (R/L): 11/8, duration: 11.6±4.9 years) were included as study participants. Auditory feedback used white noise, and all participants listened for 20 minutes mixing six types of natural sounds with random sounds. The dynamic balancing ability was evaluated during the walking, and the variables were the center of pressure (CoP), the center of mass (CoM), CoP-CoM inclined angle.Results: There is a significant increase in the A-P CoP range, A-P inclination angle, and gait speed on the paretic and non-paretic sides following white noise intervention (p<.05). In addition, the changes in CoP velocity on the paretic and non-paretic sides increased in both the A-P and M-L directions but not significantly.Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the positive effect of using white noise as auditory feedback through a more objective and quantitative assessment using CoP-CoM inclination angle as an evaluation indicator for assessing dynamic balance in patients with chronic stroke. The A-P and M-L inclination angle can be employed as a useful indicator for evaluating other exercise programs and intervention methods for functional enhancement of patients with chronic stroke in terms of their effects on dynamic balance and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Produces Cross-Modal Improvements in Visual Thresholds

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Voros ◽  
Sage O. Sherman ◽  
Rachel Rise ◽  
Alexander Kryuchkov ◽  
Ponder Stine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Stochastic Resonance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
The Cross

BackgroundStochastic resonance (SR) refers to a faint signal being enhanced with the addition of white noise. Previous studies have found that vestibular perceptual thresholds are lowered with noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (i.e., “in-channel” SR). Auditory white noise has been shown to improve tactile and visual thresholds, suggesting “cross-modal” SR.ObjectiveWe investigated galvanic vestibular white noise (nGVS) (n = 9 subjects) to determine the cross-modal effects on visual and auditory thresholds.MethodsWe measured auditory and visual perceptual thresholds of human subjects across a swath of different nGVS levels in order to determine if some individual-subject determined best nGVS level elicited a reduction in thresholds as compared the no noise condition (sham).ResultsWe found improvement in visual thresholds (by an average of 18%, p = 0.014). Subjects with higher (worse) visual thresholds with no stimulation (sham) improved more than those with lower thresholds (p = 0.04). Auditory thresholds were unchanged by vestibular stimulation.ConclusionThese results are the first demonstration of cross-modal improvement with galvanic vestibular stimulation, indicating galvanic vestibular white noise can produce cross-modal improvements in some sensory channels, but not all.

Signal Detection Analysis of Effect of White Noise Intensity on Sensitivity to Visual Flicker

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan W. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Noise Intensity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cortical Arousal ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis

Rating scale estimates of sensitivity to visual flicker were obtained from three subjects under 10 different intensities of auditory stimulation. Results indicated reliable “sawtooch”-like changes in sensitivity as a function of increasing intensity of white noise. No systematic and reliable changes were found in estimates of response bias. Theory and future research are discussed with reference to the possible contribution of cortical arousal.

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