The Anticipatory Struggle Hypothesis: Implications of Research on the Variability of Stuttering

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Motor Plan

Answers consistent with the anticipatory struggle hypothesis are suggested for several questions which have received a large share of experimenters' attention in recent years. The metronome effect may be due in part to the simplification of motor planning which results from reduction of speech to small units, and in part to distraction. The adaptation effect appears to be due largely to repeated rehearsal of the motor plan. An important factor in the white noise and DAF effects seems to be simply the rule that almost any novel form of auditory feedback may serve to reduce stuttering. Finally, the inconsistent effects of punishment on stuttering appear reasonable on the basis of the anticipatory struggle hypothesis when this concept is precisely formulated in behavioral terms.

Frequency of Stuttering Following Repeated Unison Readings

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Art Frank ◽  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Motor Plan ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Adaptation Phenomenon

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the decrease in stuttering which usually accompanies repeated oral readings of a passage (adaptation effect) requires the occurrence of stuttering, as is implied by almost all theories which have been advanced to explain the effect. Fifteen stutterers performed five relatively fluent readings of a 200-word passage in unison with an experimenter and a sixth reading independently. The amount of stuttering in the sixth reading was found to be essentially the same as in the sixth reading of an ordinary adaptation series by the same subjects. The inference was drawn that the adaptation effect is primarily adaptation to oral reading as such rather than to stuttering. It was suggested that the adaptation phenomenon results from rehearsal of the motor plan.

scholarly journals Auditory feedback alters postural control and functional ability in patients with chronic stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Sung Lim ◽  
Jiseon Ryu ◽  
Sihyun Ryu
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Post Intervention

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of white noise on dynamic balance in patients with stroke and the pre- and post-intervention changes in dynamic balance during walking by analyzing the anterior-posterior (A-P) and medial-lateral (M-L) center of pressure (CoP) range and velocity, center of mass (CoM), and A-P/M-L inclination angle using CoM-CoP and to establish the basis for using auditory feedback as an effective means of exercise intervention by bringing changes in dynamic balance abilities of patients with chronic stroke and retain the necessary abilities for maintaining independent and functional daily living.Methods: Nineteen patients with chronic stroke (age: 61.2±9.8 years, height: 164.4±7.4 cm, weight: 61.1±9.4 kg, paretic side (R/L): 11/8, duration: 11.6±4.9 years) were included as study participants. Auditory feedback used white noise, and all participants listened for 20 minutes mixing six types of natural sounds with random sounds. The dynamic balancing ability was evaluated during the walking, and the variables were the center of pressure (CoP), the center of mass (CoM), CoP-CoM inclined angle.Results: There is a significant increase in the A-P CoP range, A-P inclination angle, and gait speed on the paretic and non-paretic sides following white noise intervention (p<.05). In addition, the changes in CoP velocity on the paretic and non-paretic sides increased in both the A-P and M-L directions but not significantly.Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the positive effect of using white noise as auditory feedback through a more objective and quantitative assessment using CoP-CoM inclination angle as an evaluation indicator for assessing dynamic balance in patients with chronic stroke. The A-P and M-L inclination angle can be employed as a useful indicator for evaluating other exercise programs and intervention methods for functional enhancement of patients with chronic stroke in terms of their effects on dynamic balance and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Movement Enhances Perceived Timing in the Absence of Auditory Feedback

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona C. Manning ◽  
Michael Schutz
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Movement Timing ◽  
Probe Tone ◽  
Timing Perception

Moving (tapping) to a beat can objectively improve the perception of timing. Here we examine whether auditory feedback from tapping is a requirement for this improvement. In this experiment, two groups of participants heard a series of isochronous beats, and identified whether a probe tone after a short silence was consistent with the timing of the preceding sequence. On half of the trials, participants tapped along on an electronic drum pad up to and including the probe tone, and on half of the trials they listened without tapping. In the auditory feedback (AF) group sounds from tapping were available to participants and in the no auditory feedback (NAF) group these sounds were masked using white noise. In both groups, movement improved timing judgments of the probe tone, however this improvement was more pronounced when auditory feedback was present. Additionally, tapping was more accurate when auditory feedback was available. While previously we demonstrated an effect of movement on perceived timing, here we clarify that movement alone is sufficient to trigger this improvement (independent of the movement’s auditory consequences). We identify the importance of auditory feedback as a cue for movement timing, which subsequently affects perceived timing of an external stimulus. Additionally we have demonstrated that movement alone can improve timing perception, independent of the auditory feedback caused by this movement.

Error Monitoring in People Who Stutter

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Postma ◽  
Herman Kolk
Keyword(s):  
False Alarm ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tape Recording ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Self Monitoring

Several theories purport that people who stutter suffer a speech-auditory feedback defect. The disordered feedback creates the illusion that some kind of error has intruded into the speech flow. Stuttering then results from actions aimed to correct the suspected, but nonexistent, error. These auditory feedback defect theories thus predict deviant error detection performance in people who stutter during speech production. To test this prediction, subjects who stuttered and those who did not had to detect self-produced (phonemic) speech errors while speaking with normal auditory feedback and with the auditory feedback masked by white noise. The two groups did not differ significantly in error detection accuracy and speed, nor in false alarm scores. This opposes auditory feedback defect theories and suggests that the self-monitoring processes of people who stutter function normally. In a condition in which errors had to be detected in other-produced speech, i.e., while listening to a tape recording, subjects who stuttered did detect fewer errors. Whether this might signal some general phonological problem is discussed.

Laterality Differences in the Auditory Feedback Control of Speech

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Abbs ◽  
Karl U. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Noise Masking ◽  
Hybrid Computer ◽  
The Right ◽  
Auditory Feedback Control ◽  
Speech Identification

Proceeding from prior experimental evidence that better speech-sound identification most often occurs with right-ear presentation, an experiment was conducted to test for differences in speech production with right-ear and left-ear auditory feedback of one’s own speech. A hybrid-computer system and techniques of experimental programing were employed to control the intervals of aural delay. Presentation of delayed auditory feedback to the right ear during speech, with white noise masking the left ear, resulted in a significantly greater number of articulatory errors than did delayed feedback to the left ear with white noise masking the right ear. With a measure of total speaking time, however, similar differences between ears during delayed hearing were not found. The findings were interpreted as an indication of differences in aural function during auditory feedback control of speech. Such differences are consistent with aural laterality differences reported with speech identification.

Effects of Auditory Masking by White Noise on Variability of Fundamental Frequency during Highly Similar Productions of Spontaneous Speech

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1203-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Loren ◽  
Roger D. Colcord ◽  
Michael P. Rastatter
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Six adults (3 men, 3 women) produced highly similar spontaneous speech utterances during quiet and 90-dB SPL white noise. Although subjects' fundamental frequency (fo) was significantly increased when speaking in noise, their fo variability (coefficients of variation) throughout the utterance was not affected by the auditory disruption. This indicated that their ability to vary fo for linguistic stressing was preserved under short-term disturbed auditory feedback. These findings further supported the hypothesis that fo is under open-loop regulation.

Delayed Auditory Feedback and Shadowing

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Delayed Feedback ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Speech Disturbance ◽  
Contralateral Ear ◽  
Susceptible Group

On the basis of speech disturbance under binaural DAF, groups of subjects of high and low susceptibility were formed. Both groups were required to shadow messages presented under four conditions: single message presented binaurally; message presented to one ear with either white noise, an irrelevant message, or delayed feedback of the repetitition of the message, presented to the contralateral ear. For both groups the number of errors (omitted words) increased significantly in the irrelevant message and the delayed feedback conditions as compared with the binaural or white noise conditions. There was no difference between the susceptible and non-susceptible groups in the binaural and white noise conditions, but the susceptible group showed a much larger increase in the irrelevant message and delayed feedback conditions. Implications of these findings for theories of DAF are discussed.

Auditory Stimulation, Rhythm, and Stuttering

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Linda J. Johnson ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel ◽  
Samuel K. Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Loud Noise ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
Rhythmic Stimulation ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Significant Change

In a previous experiment, Martin, Siegel, Johnson, and Haroldson (1984) found that stutterers reduced their stuttering under amplified sidetone, but only if the amplified sidetone condition had been preceded by a condition of speaking in noise. The authors speculated that when stutterers were exposed initially to loud noise and its attendant reduction in stuttering, they became "sensitized" to reduced stuttering in any subsequent condition where their auditory feedback was modified. The current experiment tested that hypothesis with 24 adult stutterers divided evenly into three groups. One group of stutterers spoke with no auditory stimulation (quiet), then while receiving 100 dB SPL white noise, and then while receiving amplified sidetone (0, +10, +20 dB SPL). A second group spoke in quiet, then while receiving amplified sidetone, and then while receiving amplified sidetone again. A third group spoke in quiet, then while receiving rhythmic stimulation, and then while receiving amplified sidetone. Relative to vocal intensity in quiet, stutterers spoke with increased vocal intensity during noise, with decreased vocal intensity during amplified sidetone, and with no significant change in vocal intensity during rhythmic stimulation. Relative to stuttering frequency in quiet, subjects spoke with decreased stuttering frequency during loud noise and during amplified sidetone, but only when the amplified sidetone was preceded by the loud noise condition. These results are discussed in terms of the "sensitizationrdquo; hypothesis.

scholarly journals Initial information prior to movement onset influences kinematics of upward arm pointing movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 1673-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Rousseau ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis ◽  
Jérémie Gaveau ◽  
Thierry Pozzo ◽  
Olivier White
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Motor Plan ◽  
Motor Strategy ◽  
The Brain

To elaborate a motor plan and perform online control in the gravity field, the brain relies on priors and multisensory integration of information. In particular, afferent and efferent inputs related to the initial state are thought to convey sensorimotor information to plan the upcoming action. Yet it is still unclear to what extent these cues impact motor planning. Here we examined the role of initial information on the planning and execution of arm movements. Participants performed upward arm movements around the shoulder at three speeds and in two arm conditions. In the first condition, the arm was outstretched horizontally and required a significant muscular command to compensate for the gravitational shoulder torque before movement onset. In contrast, in the second condition the arm was passively maintained in the same position with a cushioned support and did not require any muscle contraction before movement execution. We quantified differences in motor performance by comparing shoulder velocity profiles. Previous studies showed that asymmetric velocity profiles reflect an optimal integration of the effects of gravity on upward movements. Consistent with this, we found decreased acceleration durations in both arm conditions. However, early differences in kinematic asymmetries and EMG patterns between the two conditions signaled a change of the motor plan. This different behavior carried on through trials when the arm was at rest before movement onset and may reveal a distinct motor strategy chosen in the context of uncertainty. Altogether, we suggest that the information available online must be complemented by accurate initial information.

Integrated Fractional white Noise as an Alternative to Multifractional Brownian Motion

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Sly
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Discrete Data ◽  
Hölder Exponent ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Multifractional Brownian Motion ◽  
Local Properties

Multifractional Brownian motion is a Gaussian process which has changing scaling properties generated by varying the local Hölder exponent. We show that multifractional Brownian motion is very sensitive to changes in the selected Hölder exponent and has extreme changes in magnitude. We suggest an alternative stochastic process, called integrated fractional white noise, which retains the important local properties but avoids the undesirable oscillations in magnitude. We also show how the Hölder exponent can be estimated locally from discrete data in this model.

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