Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Young Black Adults

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia I. Hudson ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this study was to determine the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of young Black adults during prompted spontaneous speech and reading and to compare the results with published data for White subjects of comparable age. Subjects were 100 men and 100 women volunteers, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. Central tendency and dispersion values were calculated from data obtained with a fundamental frequency analyzer (FLORIDA I). The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for spontaneous speaking was 108.05 Hz for men and 188.85 Hz for women. The mean range was 80.70–166.65 Hz (6.27 tones) for men and 132.55–270.80 Hz (6.18 tones) for women. The men showed smaller excursions from the mean mode to the lower limit of the mean range (27.35 Hz, 2.52 tones) than from the mean mode to the upper limit of the mean range (58.60 Hz, 3.75 tones). The women had a range of 81.95 Hz above and 56.30 Hz below the mean mode but approximately equal tonal intervals above and below (3.12 and 3.06, respectively). A comparison of prompted spontaneous speech to reading for the same subjects indicated that the mean modal fundamental vocal frequency was significantly lower and the mean range was significantly greater for speaking than tier reading. Both men and women had a mean speaking range of one octave. In comparison to published values for young White adult subjects, the Black subjects ill this study had a lower mean fundamental vocal frequency.

scholarly journals Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Acute Medical Care

2016 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 021-024
Author(s):  
K. Sateesh ◽  
Stitha Pragna ◽  
Y Raju
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acute Medical Care

AbstractBackground: Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as MI secondary to ischemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply. It is seen in conditions other than coronary artery disease (CAD) contributes to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand. Little is known about patient characteristics and clinical outcomes.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients who were admitted in acute medical care with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and enzymatic elevation from January 2015 to December 2015. Patients with slight elevation (above the upper limit of normal) of CK-MB were included in the study and compared the clinical and laboratory profile between men and women.Results: This survey includes a total of 54 patients, Out of which complete details were available in 41 patients (M:23; F:18). The mean age was 42.61. The common causes of type-II MI were Infectious (M:9 (39.1%), F:10 (55.6%) followed by haematological disorders (M:3 (13%), F:5 (27.7%). The mean CK-MB was 28.00. The mean CPK was 122.5. There was no hypotension, renal failure at the time of admission. One patient had in-hospital mortality out of all patients, whose primary diagnosis was septicaemia with shock who had normal CPK, elevated CK-MB and elevated NT pro BNP levels. Patients with type-II MI were not referred for coronary interventions and managed conservatively.Conclusions: There is no significant difference in the risk for type 2 MI between men and women. Clinical suspicion and diagnosis of type 2 MI is crucial in acute medical care setting, as the mortality can be reduced with adequate management of underlying condition. The threshold of biomarker levels should be low (above the upper limit of normal in symptomatic ischemia) to label type 2 MI contrary to the third universal definition of MI.

Spontaneous Speaking Fundamental Frequency of 6-Year-Old Black Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marica C. Wheat ◽  
Amelia I. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
White Children ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

The fundamental vocal frequency characteristics were measured from 50 male and 50 female Black 6-year-old children during prompted spontaneous speech. Boys had a mean fundamental frequency of 219.50 Hz, with a mean range of 134.80–298.70 Hz. Girls had a mean fundamental frequency (F 0 ) of 211.30 Hz and a mean frequency range of 137.60–297.50 Hz. No significant differences in mean or range values were found as a function of speaker sex. Nonsignificant relationships were found between physical variables of speaker height and weight and these F 0 measures for either sex and for the speaker group combined. The results of the present study were compared to previous research concerning the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of White children.

Regulation of Cerebral Autoregulation by Carbon Dioxide

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingzhong Meng ◽  
Adrian W. Gelb
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rightward Shift ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Upper Limit

Abstract Cerebral autoregulation describes a mechanism that maintains cerebral blood flow stable despite fluctuating perfusion pressure. Multiple nonperfusion pressure processes also regulate cerebral perfusion. These mechanisms are integrated. The effect of the interplay between carbon dioxide and perfusion pressure on cerebral circulation has not been specifically reviewed. On the basis of the published data and speculation on the aspects that are without supportive data, the authors offer a conceptualization delineating the regulation of cerebral autoregulation by carbon dioxide. The authors conclude that hypercapnia causes the plateau to progressively ascend, a rightward shift of the lower limit, and a leftward shift of the upper limit. Conversely, hypocapnia results in the plateau shifting to lower cerebral blood flows, unremarkable change of the lower limit, and unclear change of the upper limit. It is emphasized that a sound understanding of both the limitations and the dynamic and integrated nature of cerebral autoregulation fosters a safer clinical practice.

scholarly journals Acupuncture or Acupressure at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) Acupoint for the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Meta-Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma-Na Chen ◽  
Li-Wei Chien ◽  
Chi-Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Primary Dysmenorrhea ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Control

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture or acupressure at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint in relieving pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. We searched the scientific literature databases to identify randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. Three acupuncture and four acupressure trials were included in the meta-analyses. For the acupuncture analysis, there was no difference in the mean VAS score reduction between the SP6 acupoint and control (GB39 acupoint) groups (−4.935; lower limit = −15.757, upper limit = 5.887;P=0.371). For the acupressure analysis, there was a significant difference in the mean VAS score after intervention between the SP6 acupoint and control (rest/light touch at SP6/nonacupoint acupressure) groups, favoring the SP6 acupoint group (−1.011; lower limit = −1.622, upper limit = −0.400;P=0.001). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated good reliability of the meta-analyses findings. These findings suggest that acupuncture at SP6 is not more effective than acupuncture at an unrelated acupoint in the relief from primary dysmenorrhea. Acupressure at SP6 may be effective in the relief from primary dysmenorrhea. High-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Reading and Spontaneous Speaking Fundamental Frequency of Young Arabic Men for Arabic and English Languages: A Comparative Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Abu-Al-Makarem ◽  
Linda Petrosino
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Published Data ◽  
English Reading ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

Speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), the average fundamental frequency (lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound) measured over the speaking time of a vocal or speech task, is a basic acoustic measure in clinical evaluation and treatment of voice disorders. Currently, there are few data on acoustic characteristics of different sociolinguistic groups, and no published data on the fundamental frequency characteristics of Arabic speech. The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary data on the SFF characteristics of a group of normal speaking, young Arabic men. 15 native Arabic men ( M age = 23.5 yr., SD = 2.5) as participants received identical experimental treatment. Four speech samples were collected from each one, Arabic reading, Arabic spontaneous speech, English reading, and English spontaneous speech. Speaking samples, analyzed using the Computerized Speech Lab, showed no significant difference for mean SFF between language and type of speech and none for mean SFF between languages. A significant difference in the mean SFF was found between the types of speech. The SFF used during reading was significantly higher than that for spontaneous speech. Also Arabic men had higher SFF values than those previously reported for young men in other linguistic groups. SFF then might differ among linguistic, dialectical, and social groups and such data may provide clinicians information useful in evaluation and management of voice.

A Study of the Frequency Reading Fundamental Vocal of Young Black Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia I. Hudson ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
White Population ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Student Volunteers ◽  
Frequency Reading ◽  
The Mean

This study investigated the measures of central tendency (mean mode) and dispersion (standard deviations and ranges) of the reading fundamental vocal frequency in young black adults. The subjects were 200 (100 males/100 females college student volunteers whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years, A fundamental frequency analyzer (FLORIDA I) was used to measure the fundamental vocal frequency. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for males was 110.15 Hz, with a mean range from 81.95 Hz to 158.50 Hz. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for females was 193.10 Hz, with a mean range from 139,05 Hz to 266.10 Hz, The males showed a slightly greater range expressed in tones than did the females, Compared to a similar white population studied by Fitch & Holbrook (1970), the black population had lower mean modal fundamental vocal frequencies and greater mean frequency ranges, Fitch's white subjects showed a greater range below the mean mode than above it. This behavior was reversed for the black subjects of the present study. Such patterns of vocal behavior may be important clues which alert the listener to the speaker's racial identity.

Some Voice Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Oral Reading and Spontaneous Speech by Hard-of-Hearing Young Women

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Horii
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Skewness ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency

Fundamental frequency (f o ,) characteristics of 12 hard-of-hearing young women were compared with those of 12 hard-hearing control subjects during oral reading and spontaneous speech. The normal-hearing individuals almost always used greater mean f o and variability for oral reading than for spontaneous speech, but the hard-of-hearing subjects did not. On the average, greater f o , means and smaller f o standard deviations were observed for the hard-hearing group than for the control group, regardless of the speaking conditions. In addition,f o distributions of the hard-of hearing subjects were characterized by negative skewness whereas those of the normal-hearing subjects were positively skewed.

PNN and BP Neural Network Fault Diagnosis Research on Electronic Accelerator Pedal Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Yuxiu Jiang ◽  
Xiaohuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Electronic Throttle ◽  
Measured Voltage ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Network Fault

Background: The working state of electronic accelerator pedal directly affects the safety of vehicles and drivers. Effective fault detection and judgment for the working state of the accelerator pedal can prevent accidents. Methods: Aiming at different working conditions of electronic accelerator pedal, this paper used PNN and BP diagnosis model to detect the state of electronic accelerator pedal according to the principle and characteristics of PNN and BP neural network. The fault diagnosis test experiment of electronic accelerator pedal was carried out to get the data acquisition. Results: After the patents for electronic accelerator pedals are queried and used, the first measured voltage, the upper limit of first voltage, the first voltage lower limit, the second measured voltage, the upper limit of second voltage and the second voltage lower limit are tested to build up the data samples. Then the PNN and BP fault diagnosis models of electronic accelerator pedal are established. Six fault samples are defined through the design of electronic accelerator pedal fault classifier and the fault diagnosis processes are executed to test. Conclusion: The fault diagnosis results were analyzed and the comparisons between the PNN and the BP research results show that BP neural network is an effective method for fault detection of electronic throttle pedal, which is obviously superior to PNN neural network based on the experiment data.

Rice tablet (Aluminum Phosphide) poisoning

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5041
Author(s):  
Farkhondeh Jamshidi ◽  
Ahmad Ghorbani ◽  
Sina Darvishi*
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning ◽  
Commit Suicide

The abuse of some pesticides especially to suicide is one of the current problems of pesticides. Aluminum phosphide induced poisoning usually happens to suicide and sometimes it is due to accidental occupational exposure and in a few cases it has some criminal intensions. This study is conducted to evaluate patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide. In the present study the medical records of cases of poisoning with rice tablets (aluminum phosphide) hospitalized in Ahvaz Razi hospital is studied. Accordingly, a checklist is prepared that included demographic information of patients (age, gender) and information on patient records (information on poisoning) are completed using the patients’ medical records. The analysis of data is done by SPSS V22. 18 patients poisoned with rice tablet (aluminum phosphide) are studied. Results of the study show that 11 patients are male and seven are female. The mean patient age is 27.06 ±8.04 years that is 28 ±9 and 25 ±6.02 in men and women respectively. Statistical tests show no statistically significant difference in mean age in both genders (P> 0.05). Among patients, 11 subjects took aluminum phosphide to attempt suicide and 3 cases took it unintentionally and of course the reason is not mentioned in four cases. Among the patients who tried to commit suicide by taking aluminum phosphide, 6 cases are male and 5 cases are female that no statistically significant difference is observed between the genders in this respect (P> 0.05). In addition to the study of the complications caused by this poisoning and its mortality, it is recommended to responsible authorities to provide the necessary educations and treatments to prevent this type of poisoning.

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