A Study of the Frequency Reading Fundamental Vocal of Young Black Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia I. Hudson ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
White Population ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Student Volunteers ◽  
Frequency Reading ◽  
The Mean

This study investigated the measures of central tendency (mean mode) and dispersion (standard deviations and ranges) of the reading fundamental vocal frequency in young black adults. The subjects were 200 (100 males/100 females college student volunteers whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years, A fundamental frequency analyzer (FLORIDA I) was used to measure the fundamental vocal frequency. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for males was 110.15 Hz, with a mean range from 81.95 Hz to 158.50 Hz. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for females was 193.10 Hz, with a mean range from 139,05 Hz to 266.10 Hz, The males showed a slightly greater range expressed in tones than did the females, Compared to a similar white population studied by Fitch & Holbrook (1970), the black population had lower mean modal fundamental vocal frequencies and greater mean frequency ranges, Fitch's white subjects showed a greater range below the mean mode than above it. This behavior was reversed for the black subjects of the present study. Such patterns of vocal behavior may be important clues which alert the listener to the speaker's racial identity.

Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Young Black Adults

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia I. Hudson ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this study was to determine the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of young Black adults during prompted spontaneous speech and reading and to compare the results with published data for White subjects of comparable age. Subjects were 100 men and 100 women volunteers, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. Central tendency and dispersion values were calculated from data obtained with a fundamental frequency analyzer (FLORIDA I). The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for spontaneous speaking was 108.05 Hz for men and 188.85 Hz for women. The mean range was 80.70–166.65 Hz (6.27 tones) for men and 132.55–270.80 Hz (6.18 tones) for women. The men showed smaller excursions from the mean mode to the lower limit of the mean range (27.35 Hz, 2.52 tones) than from the mean mode to the upper limit of the mean range (58.60 Hz, 3.75 tones). The women had a range of 81.95 Hz above and 56.30 Hz below the mean mode but approximately equal tonal intervals above and below (3.12 and 3.06, respectively). A comparison of prompted spontaneous speech to reading for the same subjects indicated that the mean modal fundamental vocal frequency was significantly lower and the mean range was significantly greater for speaking than tier reading. Both men and women had a mean speaking range of one octave. In comparison to published values for young White adult subjects, the Black subjects ill this study had a lower mean fundamental vocal frequency.

35Cl NQR Spectroscopy on Salts and Molecular Compounds of Trichloroacetic Acid

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Fichtner ◽  
Axel Markworth ◽  
Norbert Weiden ◽  
Alarich Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
35Cl Nqr ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Molecular Compounds

The temperature dependence of salts M(1)H(Cl3CCOO)2 and molecular compounds of trichloroacetic acid with amines and benzaldehydes, TCA · X, was studied,The data fit rather well to the known dependence of the mean frequency shift Δ <v(35Cl)> on the pkadifference of X with respect to TCA. A linear relation is observed between the bleaching out temperature Tb of the 35Cl NQR lines and Δ <v(35Cl)> for M(1)H(Cl3CCOO)2 and for TCA · X, X = benzaldehydes.

scholarly journals Improving peripherally inserted central catheter appropriateness and reducing device-related complications: a quasiexperimental study in 52 Michigan hospitals

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjqs-2021-013015
Author(s):  
Vineet Chopra ◽  
Megan O'Malley ◽  
Jennifer Horowitz ◽  
Qisu Zhang ◽  
Elizabeth McLaughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Line ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Change Point Analysis ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter ◽  
Central Catheter ◽  
Appropriateness Criteria ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
The Mean

BackgroundThe Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC) provides evidence-based criteria for peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) use. Whether implementing MAGIC improves PICC appropriateness and reduces complications is unknown.MethodsA quasiexperimental study design to implement MAGIC in 52 Michigan hospitals was used. Data were collected from medical records by trained abstractors. Hospital performance on three appropriateness criteria was measured: short-term PICC use (≤5 days), use of multilumen PICCs and PICC placement in patients with chronic kidney disease. PICC appropriateness and device complications preintervention (January 2013 to December 2016) versus postintervention (January 2017 to January 2020) were compared. Change-point analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on device appropriateness. Logistic regression and Poisson models were fit to assess the association between appropriateness and complications (composite of catheter occlusion, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)).ResultsAmong 38 592 PICCs, median catheter dwell ranged from 8 to 56 days. During the preintervention period, the mean frequency of appropriate PICC use was 31.9% and the mean frequency of complications was 14.7%. Following the intervention, PICC appropriateness increased to 49.0% (absolute difference 17.1%, p<0.001) while complications decreased to 10.7% (absolute difference 4.0%, p=0.001). Compared with patients with inappropriate PICC placement, appropriate PICC use was associated with a significantly lower odds of complications (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.34), including decreases in occlusion (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.29), CLABSI (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.81) and VTE (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.47, all p<0.01). Patients with appropriate PICC placement had lower rate of complications than those with inappropriate PICC use (incidence rate ratio 0.987, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99, p<0.001).ConclusionsImplementation of MAGIC in Michigan hospitals was associated with improved PICC appropriateness and fewer complications. These findings have important quality, safety and policy implications for hospitals, patients and payors.

scholarly journals Assessing the SNR Influence in the Estimation of the Mean Frequency of Lower Limbs sEMG Signals

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2108-2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Rojas ◽  
Angel Farfan ◽  
Esteban Mora ◽  
Luis I. Minchala ◽  
Sara Wong
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Semg Signals

scholarly journals Congenital malformations in neonates: analysis of morbidity and associated factors

10.3823/2465 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Alves de Melo ◽  
Flávia Emília Cavalcante Valença Fernandes ◽  
Ana Kariny Costa Araújo ◽  
Nadja Maria dos Santos ◽  
Maria Elda Alves de Lacerda Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Prenatal Visits

Objective: To evaluate the neonatal morbidity due to congenital malformations in the city of Petrolina-PE, from 2008 to 2013. Methods: A descriptive study with data from the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc). The analyzes were carried out through frequency distribution and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The associations were tested by the Pearson and Kruskal Wallis chi-square tests. Significance was set at 5% and 95% confidence. Results: 436 cases of congenital malformations were recorded in the study period, with 2011 being the highest occurrence year. The mothers of the newborns were young (25.2 years old), single, upper level of education and household. In general multiparous, with single gestation, vaginal delivery and performed up to six prenatal visits. The newborns were males, at 39 weeks or more of gestation and with normal weight (> = 2500g). The malformations of the musculoskeletal system were the most frequent followed by the genitourinary system. Congenital malformations were especially associated with neonatal characteristics such as gender and weight. In all causes the mean weight was greater than 2500g (p <0.05). The causes of malformation of greater occurrence in both sexes were osteomuscular (p <0.05). The aspects of the mother did not present significant differences in the present study (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The present study evidenced relevant aspects in the occurrence of morbidities due to congenital malformations, directing to a greater attention the occurrence of these diseases especially in relation to the newborn.

scholarly journals Land snails as experimental animals: a study of the variability and distribution of individual weights in Helix aspersa snails born from the same clutch

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
J. Fonolla ◽  
F. Gil Extremera
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Mean

A study was carried out to examine the distribution of individual weights in Helix aspersa snails, the aims being to establish the best estimate of the ponderal growth and also to obtain a model growth curve. Four groups of 20 snails from the same clutch were analysed and kept under experimental conditions from birth up to 6 months. The variability of their individual weights within groups was studied by calculating the coefficients of variation every 15 days. At the same time, the assumed normal distribution of those weights was being tested. The coefficients of variation increased with age and the assumed normal distribution of individual weights had to be rejected. By means of a log transformation of the original data, a model growth curve was constructed, and was used to assess the possibility of estimating age from weight. We finally reached the conclusion that median weight, rather than the mean, would be a better measure of central tendency to use until it is possible to obtain selected populations. The difficulty of estimating age from weight is emphasized.

Missouri’s Little Dixie, 1899–1921

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-112
Author(s):  
Brent M. S. Campney
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Black Population ◽  
White Population ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Sundown Towns ◽  
Little Dixie

Focusing on the Little Dixie region of Missouri from 1899 to 1921, this chapter examines the practice of whipping by whites as a means of controlling the black population, a practice with roots in slavery. It also explores the interlocking practice of black expulsion from those places where such whippings occurred. First, the chapter details the actions and motivations of the mob members and their widespread support from law enforcement officials and the white population generally. Second, it examines the various sundown towns found in Little Dixie and the role of whippings in maintaining them. Finally, the chapter speculates on the significance of these findings for the historiography of racist violence and sundown towns.

15. Quantitative Analysis: Description and Inference

2020 ◽  
pp. 393-421
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Univariate Statistics ◽  
The Mean

This chapter deals with quantitative analysis, and especially description and inference. It introduces the reader to the principles of quantitative research and offers a step-by-step guide on how to use and interpret a range of commonly used techniques. The first part of the chapter considers the building blocks of quantitative analysis, with particular emphasis on different ways of summarizing data, both graphically and with tables, and ways of describing the distribution of one variable using univariate statistics. Two important measures are discussed: the mean and the standard deviation. After elaborating on descriptive statistics, the chapter explores inferential statistics and explains how to make generalizations. It also presents the concept of confidence intervals, more commonly known as the margin of error, and measures of central tendency.

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