The Effects of Syllable Structure on Diadochokinetic and Reading Rates

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 894-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Tiffany
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Performance ◽  
Valid Measurement ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Normal Speech

Paragraphs with controlled phonetic structures were matched to similarly structured diadochokinetic (Maximum Repetition Rate) tasks in an effort to devise a more valid measurement for (1) assessing possible relationships between diadochokinesis and speech rate, and (2) evaluating the effects on articulation rates of such structural variables as number of consonants in a syllable, and alternating versus simple syllable repetitions. Highly stable results were obtained, suggesting the possibility of a sharp neurophysiological or biomechanical barrier which varies markedly among presumably normal speakers. Maximum repetition rates were poor predictors of normal reading rate performance. On the other hand, normal reading rates were found to be approximately the same as the maximum repetition rates—about 13.5 phones per second. The inference is that normal speech is not, as commonly supposed, obviously slower than maximum rates of syllable articulation, for equivalent syllables. The major source of variation in syllable rate measures was simply the number of phones in a syllable. The effects of articulatory place and manner appeared relatively trivial by comparison.

Effects of Segment and Pause Manipulations on the Identification of Treated Stutterers

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Prosek ◽  
Charles M. Runyan
Keyword(s):  
Reading Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Tape ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Normal Speech

This study examined the hypothesis that reading rate affects the identification of treated stutterers. Thirty-two pairs of recorded speech samples, in which one member of the pair was a treated stutterer and the other was a nonstutterer, were available from previous research. Listeners had been able to distinguish readily between the members of these pairs. For each pair of samples, the durations of the treated stutterer's segments and pauses were adjusted to match those of the nonstutterer as closely as possible by means of a computer-based waveform editor. A test tape was prepared that included the 32 original pairs of stimuli, the 32 edited pairs, and 64 pairs of foils. Listeners were required to indicate which member of each pair was the treated stutterer. Analysis of the responses indicated that the listeners' ability to distinguish between talkers was significantly reduced for the edited stimulus pairs. The results imply that the rate used by treated stutterers must be critically evaluated if the goal of therapv is the production of perceptually "normal" speech.

Adaptation of Stuttering Frequency During Repeated Readings

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludo Max ◽  
Anthony J. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Transition Rate ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repeated Readings ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Learning Hypothesis ◽  
Word Duration

This study is part of a series investigating the hypothesis that stuttering adaptation is a result of motor learning. Previous investigations indicate that nonspeech motor learning typically is associated with an increase in speed of performance. Previous investigations of stuttering, on the other hand, indicate that improvements in fluency during most fluency-enhancing conditions or after stuttering treatment tend to be associated with decreased speech rate, increased duration of specific acoustic segments, and decreased vowel duration variability. The present acoustic findings, obtained from 8 individuals who stutter, reveal that speech adjustments occurring during adaptation differ from those reported for other fluency-enhancing conditions or stuttering treatment. Instead, the observed changes are consistent with those occurring during skill improvements for nonspeech motor tasks and, thus, with a motor learning hypothesis of stuttering adaptation. During the last of 6 repeated readings, a statistically significant increase in articulation rate was observed, together with a decrease in word duration, vowel duration, and consonant-vowel (CV) transition extent. Other adjustments showing relatively consistent trends across individual subjects included decreased CV transition rate and duration, and increased variability of both CV transition extent and vowel duration.

Influence of the Laser Repetition Rate on Crystalline Structure, Composition and Magnetic Properties of Laser Deposited Y3Fe5O12/Gd3Ga5O12(111) Films

2002 ◽  
Vol 720 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kahl ◽  
V.P. Denysenkov ◽  
S.I. Kranzusch ◽  
A.M. Grishin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Coercive Field ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laser Deposition ◽  
Laser Repetition Rate ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Annealing Experiments

AbstractY3Fe5O12 (YIG) films have been deposited onto single crystal Gd4Ga5O12(GGG) substrates by publsed laser deposition. For a given set of experimental parameters, the oxygen background pressure and substrate tempetature were optimized to achieve the narrowest ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) lines. The repetition rate was then varied from 10 to 50 Hz. There is a cleasr transition from films with low saturation magnetization 4πMs ≈ 300 Gs, high coercive fields Hc > 20 Oe, and broad FMR lines ΔH > 100 Oe to films with 4πMs ≈ 1400Gs, Hc < 10 Oe, and ΔH ≤ 10 Oe. This crossover occurs when the laser repetition rate is changed from 20 to 30 Hz. No significant differences could be detected in any of the other investigated properties: crystalline structure, cation concentration rastio, amd surface roughness do not depend on the repetition rate. Annealing experiments show that the films deposited at 10 and 20 Hz repetition rate are oxygen deficent. We loaded the film deposited at 20 Hz with oxygen, so that it reached the bulk value for 4πMs. The coercive field, however, remained large.

Evidence motivating consideration of an alternative approach

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

This chapter begins to motivate the development of an alternative approach to speech production by pointing out three potential difficulties with the highly-successful Articulatory Phonology/Task Dynamics approach. First, it discusses the extensive nature of modifications to AP/TD default specifications required to account for the wide variety of surface phonetic forms. The need for a large number of adjustments in AP/TD raises questions about the appropriateness of the AP/TD default-adjustment approach, which would have been more appropriate if the default, non-prominent, phrase-medial, normal-speech-rate specifications could be used most of the time. Second, it discusses the lack of a principled explanation for behaviors described by Fitts’ law. While the theory can accommodate some aspects of Fitts’ law, others are not explained or accommodated. Finally, it suggests that AP/TD’s gestural score architecture raises the risk of spatial interference among overlapping, independent gestures. These three challenges taken together set the stage for the discussion of additional challenges in Chapter 4, which further motivate consideration of phonology-extrinsic-timing-based approaches to speech motor control.

Estimation of Visual Performance in Children with and without Binocular Anomalies by Means of a Computerised Coding Test

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
T A Podugolnikova ◽  
G I Rozhkova ◽  
I S Kondakova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Better Than

Coding tests are regularly used to estimate the capacity for mental work in children entering school and for younger schoolchildren. The task of the child is to fill a special form by putting conventional symbols (codes) under the rows of test objects in accordance with a sample. The results of such testing reflect both visuomotor and intellectual capabilities since, on one hand, a subject has to perform fast eye and hand movements comparing test objects with the sample and drawing codes but, on the other hand, it is not forbidden to memorise codes and to use an optimal strategy for filling the form. In order to make the coding test more suitable for estimating purely visual capabilities, we evolved a computerised version in which codes were changing at each step, thus making their memorisation useless. Such a coding test was used in an examination of 22 children (age 6 – 7 years) with binocular anomalies (strabismus, amblyopia) from special kindergartens and 190 normal children (aged 6 – 9 years) (63 from kindergartens and 127 from school forms 1 – 3). The difference between children with binocular anomalies and normal children of the same age was statistically significant ( p<0.005). The average indices for normal children of different ages differed significantly increasing from 11.8 (at 6 years) to 24.6 (at 9 years) symbols per minute. The effect of learning was also evident: the indexes of 7-year-old children from the first school form were better than in children of the same age from a kindergarten. The correlation between coding indexes and reading rate was positive but rather weak (0.28) in 52 first-form children tested.

High Repetition-Rate Performance Of A Corona-Preionized Tea CO 2 Laser Operating Without Helium

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Vietri ◽  
Renato Marchetti ◽  
Eugenio Penco ◽  
Gianemilio Salvetti
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Rate ◽  
High Repetition Rate ◽  
Rate Performance ◽  
High Repetition

scholarly journals Comparison of Controlled and Uncontrolled Normal Speech Rate

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (1A) ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
R. Gregorski ◽  
L. Shockey ◽  
I. Lehiste
Keyword(s):  
Speech Rate ◽  
Normal Speech

scholarly journals Aspects of the Syntax of Behavior: Syllable Structure and Speech Rate

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Serial Production ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
Rate Of Speech

This paper shows that maximal rate of speech varies as a function of syllable structure. For example, CCV syllables such as [sku] and CVC syllables such as [kus] are produced faster than VCC syllables such as [usk] when subjects repeat these syllables as fast as possible. Spectrographic analyses indicated that this difference in syllable duration was not confined to any one portion of the syllables: the vowel, the consonants and even the interval between syllable repetitions was longer for VCC syllables than for CVC and CCV syllables. These and other findings could not be explained in terms of word frequency, transition frequency of adjacent phonemes, or coarticulation between segments. Moreover, number of phonemes was a poor predictor of maximal rate for a wide variety of syllable structures, since VCC structures such as [ulk] were produced slower than phonemically longer CCCV structures such as [sklu], and V structures such as [a] were produced no faster than phonemically longer CV structures such as [ga]. These findings could not be explained by traditional models of speech production or articulatory difficulty but supported a complexity metric derived from a recently proposed theory of the serial production of syllables. This theory was also shown to be consistent with the special status of CV syllables suggested by Jakobson as well as certain aspects of speech errors, tongue-twisters and word games such as Double Dutch.

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