Estimation of Visual Performance in Children with and without Binocular Anomalies by Means of a Computerised Coding Test

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
T A Podugolnikova ◽  
G I Rozhkova ◽  
I S Kondakova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Better Than

Coding tests are regularly used to estimate the capacity for mental work in children entering school and for younger schoolchildren. The task of the child is to fill a special form by putting conventional symbols (codes) under the rows of test objects in accordance with a sample. The results of such testing reflect both visuomotor and intellectual capabilities since, on one hand, a subject has to perform fast eye and hand movements comparing test objects with the sample and drawing codes but, on the other hand, it is not forbidden to memorise codes and to use an optimal strategy for filling the form. In order to make the coding test more suitable for estimating purely visual capabilities, we evolved a computerised version in which codes were changing at each step, thus making their memorisation useless. Such a coding test was used in an examination of 22 children (age 6 – 7 years) with binocular anomalies (strabismus, amblyopia) from special kindergartens and 190 normal children (aged 6 – 9 years) (63 from kindergartens and 127 from school forms 1 – 3). The difference between children with binocular anomalies and normal children of the same age was statistically significant ( p<0.005). The average indices for normal children of different ages differed significantly increasing from 11.8 (at 6 years) to 24.6 (at 9 years) symbols per minute. The effect of learning was also evident: the indexes of 7-year-old children from the first school form were better than in children of the same age from a kindergarten. The correlation between coding indexes and reading rate was positive but rather weak (0.28) in 52 first-form children tested.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS PRODUK DAN MINAT MENABUNG PADA LPD DESA ADAT TAJUN DENGAN DESA ADAT TEGAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Eka Swarnadi Luh ◽  
Ketut Budi Susrusa ◽  
Ida Ayu Listia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

LPDs are non-bank financial institutions that are regulated and approved by the Regional Regulations of the Province of Bali. The management of LPD is fully handed over to the relevant Pakraman village. In line with the rapid development of LPDs, it turns out that on the other hand it shows diverse performance, so that LPDs need to pay attention to the level of product quality and customer interest in the products offered.            The purpose of the study was to determine the comparison of product quality and interest in saving at the Tajun Traditional Village LPD with the Traditional Village of Tegal. The number of samples from Tajun Adat Village LPD was 98 people and the LPD of Tegal Traditional Village was 84 people. The research data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney Test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the quality of the products of the Adat Village of Tajun LPD and the Traditional Village of Tegal. This difference is indicated by indicators of physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness and empathy. The product quality of Tajun Adat Village's LPD is better than the traditional village of Tegal. There is a significant difference between the interest in saving the traditional village of Tajun LPD and the traditional village of Tegal. The difference is in the indicator of confidence. Interest in Saving Tajun Indigenous Village LPD is higher than the Traditional Village of Tegal.

Skunk – The Problem of Short-Termism in Probability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kong
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indefinite Future ◽  
Short Termism ◽  
Better Than

In the game of Skunk a pair of dice is rolled again and again and as long as you remain “standing” you can keep adding the totals to your score. At any time you can “sit” and then you take home what you have won. However if you are standing and a “one” comes up on either die, the game is over and you lose everything. An optimal strategy is traditionally developed by comparing the expected score of standing with the expected score of sitting. As long as E(standing) > E(sitting), you would continue to roll the dice. As you accumulate points, you begin risking more points. At one point it becomes too risky to go forward. However, we found this traditional methodology to be flawed (though the answer remains the same). This solution focuses only on the expected score in the next roll, instead of factoring in the expected total score that can be gained over indefinite future. The error does not come to light until weanalyze a variation where you are also allowed to choose the number of dice to use. All the equations (using the idea E(standing) > E(sitting)) we solved led us down a misleading and often intractable road. Yet, through reasoning, we figured that there is no strategy better than throwing 1-dice at a time. Proving this is quite difficult, because it had to be shown that the pure 1-dice strategy is better than all of the other (infinite) strategies, since the game can go on forever.

scholarly journals Daylight: What makes the difference?

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Knoop ◽  
O Stefani ◽  
B Bueno ◽  
B Matusiak ◽  
R Hobday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Behavioural Economic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Light is necessary for vision; it enables us to sense and perceive our surroundings and in many direct and indirect ways, via eye and skin, affects our physiological and psychological health. The use of light in built environments has comfort, behavioural, economic and environmental consequences. Daylight has many particular benefits including excellent visual performance, permitting good eyesight, effective entrainment of the circadian system as well as a number of acute non-image forming effects and the important role of vitamin D production. Some human responses to daylight seem to be well defined whilst others require more research to be adequately understood. This paper presents an overview of current knowledge on how the characteristics of daylight play a role in fulfilling these and other functions often better than electric lighting as conventionally delivered.

The magnetic flux and self-inductivity of a thick toroidal current

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMISLAV ŽIC ◽  
BOJAN VRŠNAK ◽  
MARINA SKENDER
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poloidal Field ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Radial Profiles ◽  
Internal Flux ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

AbstractWe investigate numerically the magnetic flux and self-inductivity of a toroidal current I of arbitrary aspect ratio (R0/r0 = 1/η, where R0 and r0 are the major and the minor torus radii, respectively). The total flux Ψ is represented by the sum of the flux outside the torus envelope (Ψo) and the internal flux within the torus body (Ψi). Analogously, the total inductivity is expressed as L = Lo + Li. The outside self-inductivity is determined directly from the magnetic flux Ψo, utilizing Ψo = LoI. On the other hand, the internal inductivity is evaluated as the magnetic energy contained in the poloidal field. The calculations are performed for three different radial profiles of the current density, j(r).It is found that Ψo(η) and Lo (η) depend only very weakly on the form of j(r). On the other hand, Ψi and Li do not depend on η, but depend on the form of j(r). In the range 0.02 ≲ η ≲ 0.5, the numerical values of Lo can be very well fitted by the function of the form Lofit1(η) = −A log(η) − B. Such a relation is analogous to that for a slender torus, although the coefficients are different. For η ≲ 0.01 the slender-torus approximation (Lo*) matches the numerical results better than our function Lofit1, whereas for thicker tori, Lofit1 becomes more appropriate. It is shown that, beyond η ≳ 0.1, the departure of the slender-torus analytical expression from the numerical values becomes greater than 10%, and the difference becomes larger than 100% at η 0.55. In the range η 0.5, the numerical values of Lo can be very well expressed by the function Lofit2(η)=c1 (1 − η)c2. Furthermore, since the internal flux and inductivity become larger than that outside the envelope, Ψi and Li become larger than Ψo and Lo. The total inductivity Ltotfit = Lofit + Li, calculated by appropriately employing our functions Lofit1 and Lofit2, never deviates by more than 1% from the numerically determined values of Ltot.

Vision and Kinesthesis in Accuracy of Hand Movement

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene A. Lovelace
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Normal Hand ◽  
Better Than

Two experiments examined the accuracy with which college students were able to touch a target when knowledge of the target location had been gained either visually, kinesthetically, or by both modalities. In all but “baseline” trials, individuals were not allowed to guide the hand visually and so relied on kinesthetic cues during movement to the target location. No feedback was provided. Contrary to students' expectations, accuracy of the movements was greater when the target location had been given kinesthetically (passive movement to the target) as opposed to visually. When target location was provided by seeing one's hand move to the target (kinesthetic plus visual), performance was slightly poorer (though nonsignificantly) than for the purely kinesthetic condition, but significantly better than for a purely visual target condition. These results are discussed in terms of visual dominance and the roles of vision and kinesthesis in guiding normal hand movements.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN STATUS KEBERSIHAN GIGI DAN MULUTPADA ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS SLB-B DAN SLB-C KOTA TOMOHON

e-GIGI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivie Indahwati ◽  
Max F. J. Mantik ◽  
Paulina N. Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Special Needs Children ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Children With Disability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

Abstract: Special need children is children with disability mental, physical, and emotion which different with the normal children, thus their more needed parents help in keeping hygene especially oral hygene. Every disability they have influenced the behaviour of special need children in keeping their oral hygiene. This study aimed to obtain the difference of oral hygiene between special needs children in SLB-B and SLB-C in Tomohon.This was a descriptive analytical study. Samples were obtained by total sampling method. This study was conducted at SLB-B GMIM Damai Tomohon and SLB-C Katolik Santa Anna Tomohon. There were 101 children in this study. The results of independent t test showed that there were significant differences between the mean value of OHI-S status at SLB-B (1.86) and the mean value OHI-S status at SLB-B ( 2.50) with a P value of <0,05. Conclusion: Oral hygiene of SLB-B children was significantly better than of SLB-C children.Keywords: oral hygiene, special need childrenAbstrak: Anak berkebutuhan khusus merupakan anak yang memiliki keterbatasan mental, fisik dan emosi yang berbeda dengan anak normal, sehingga mereka memerlukan bantuan dalam menjaga kebersihan diri khusunya kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Perbedaan keterbatasan yang mereka miliki, memengaruhi perilaku anak berkebutuhan khusus dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana perbedaan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada anak berkebutuhan khusus di SLB-B dan SLB-C kota Tomohon, Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik. Pengambilan sampel penelitian ini secara total sampling. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di SLB-B GMIM Damai Tomohon dan SLB-C Katolik Santa Anna Tomohon. Jumlah anak dalam penelitian sebanyak 101 anak. Hasil penelitian diolah dengan uji statistik t tidak berpasangan (independent t test).Dari uji statistik diperoleh bahwa terdapat perbedaan rerata yang bermakna, antara status OHI-S SLB-B dengan nilai rata-rata 1,86 dibandingkan status OHI-S SLB-C dengan nilai rata-rata 2,50 dan nilai p<0,05. Simpulan: Rerata status kebersihan gigi dan mulut SLB-B lebih baik secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan SLB-C.Kata kunci: kebersihan gigi dan mulut, anak berkebutuhan khusus

An empirical study on the contribution of formal and semantic features to the grammatical gender of nouns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Basirat ◽  
Marc Allassonnière-Tang ◽  
Aleksandrs Berdicevskis
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Formal Features

Abstract This study conducts an experimental evaluation of two hypotheses about the contributions of formal and semantic features to the grammatical gender assignment of nouns. One of the hypotheses (Corbett and Fraser 2000) claims that semantic features dominate formal ones. The other hypothesis, formulated within the optimal gender assignment theory (Rice 2006), states that form and semantics contribute equally. Both hypotheses claim that the combination of formal and semantic features yields the most accurate gender identification. In this paper, we operationalize and test these hypotheses by trying to predict grammatical gender using only character-based embeddings (that capture only formal features), only context-based embeddings (that capture only semantic features) and the combination of both. We performed the experiment using data from three languages with different gender systems (French, German and Russian). Formal features are a significantly better predictor of gender than semantic ones, and the difference in prediction accuracy is very large. Overall, formal features are also significantly better than the combination of form and semantics, but the difference is very small and the results for this comparison are not entirely consistent across languages.

scholarly journals On the Difference between Social and Private Goods

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Sandroni ◽  
Sandra Ludwig ◽  
Philipp Kircher
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Private Consumption ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

AbstractStandard economic models have long been applied to choices over private consumption goods, but have recently been extended to incorporate social situations as well. We challenge the applicability of standard decision-theoretic models to social settings. In an experiment where choices affect the payoffs of someone else, we find that a large fraction of subjects prefer randomization over any of the deterministic outcomes. This tendency prevails whether the other party knows about the choice situation or not. Such randomization violates standard decision theory axioms that require that lotteries are never better than their best deterministic component. For conceptually similar choices in classical non-social situations, we do not find much evidence for such violations, suggesting the need for theories of uncertainty that are targeted to social settings.

Phantom Study of Chest Radiography with Storage Phosphor, Selenium, and Film-Screen Systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (1P1) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kehler ◽  
K. Lyttkens ◽  
B. Andersson ◽  
P. Hochbergs ◽  
C.-G. Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Radiography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lung Tumour ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Storage Phosphor ◽  
Conventional Film ◽  
Screen System ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Storage Phosphor System

Purpose: Chest radiographs from 3 digital systems − 2 based on luminescent phosphors and one on selenium — and a conventional film-screen system were evaluated and compared. Material and Methods: Computed radiography (CR) has for the past years been dominated by a single manufacturer, but now several systems have been marketed. Using a chest phantom and, as test objects, 2 simulated tumours for the lung and mediastinum, respectively, and one object simulating pulmonary lines, a total of 400 exposures were made, 100 on each system. The test objects were placed randomly with a ratio of presence/absence of each object of about 50. Six radiologists participated, 2 residents and 4 staff members. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed with construction of curves, and the difference between the curves was estimated with a 2-tailed paired t-test. Results and Conclusion: The selenium-based system performed significantly better for pulmonary line detection than all the other systems, and better than one storage phosphor system for the lung “tumour” (p<0.05), while one storage phosphor system was slightly better than the other in diagnosing all 3 test objects. The score for the film-screen system was only average.

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