Neural Response Time of Stutterers and Nonstutterers in Selected Oral Motor Tasks

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. McFarlane ◽  
David Prins
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Response Stimulus ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Auditory Response ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Stimulus Modes

Neural response time (NRT) was compared for 12 adult stutterers and 12 matched normal speakers on two verbal tasks (production of /pæ/ and /bæ/) and one oral, nonverbal task (lip closure) in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The auditory response stimulus was presented separately to the left and right ears, and the visual stimulus to both eyes. NRT was defined as the time interval between stimulus offset and the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity from orbicularis oris superior muscle. Results show, in general, that stutterers are slower in NRT for all response tasks in both stimulus modes. Significant differences were found, however, for only the auditory mode. Analyses of the differences between and within groups for response tasks and stimulus modes are discussed in terms of recent research in and theory of timing disturbances in stuttering.

scholarly journals Motor Cortical Activity During Drawing Movements: Population Representation During Spiral Tracing

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2693-2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Moran ◽  
Andrew B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Prediction Interval ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Population Vector

Monkeys traced spirals on a planar surface as unitary activity was recorded from either premotor or primary motor cortex. Using the population vector algorithm, the hand's trajectory could be accurately visualized with the cortical activity throughout the task. The time interval between this prediction and the corresponding movement varied linearly with the instantaneous radius of curvature; the prediction interval was longer when the path of the finger was more curved (smaller radius). The intervals in the premotor cortex fell into two groups, whereas those in the primary motor cortex formed a single group. This suggests that the change in prediction interval is a property of a single population in primary motor cortex, with the possibility that this outcome is due to the different properties generated by the simultaneous action of separate subpopulations in premotor cortex. Electromyographic (EMG) activity and joint kinematics were also measured in this task. These parameters varied harmonically throughout the task with many of the same characteristics as those of single cortical cells. Neither the lags between joint-angular velocities and hand velocity nor the lags between EMG and hand velocity could explain the changes in prediction interval between cortical activity and hand velocity. The simple spatial and temporal relationship between cortical activity and finger trajectory suggests that the figural aspects of this task are major components of cortical activity.

Posterior cricoarytenoid and diaphragm activities during tidal breathing in neonates

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1968-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Kosch ◽  
A. A. Hutchinson ◽  
J. A. Wozniak ◽  
W. A. Carlo ◽  
A. R. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Dynamic Maintenance ◽  
Sequential Activation ◽  
Vagal Reflex ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

To investigate airflow regulation in newborn infants, we recorded airflow, volume, diaphragm (Di), and laryngeal electromyogram (EMG) during spontaneous breathing in eight supine unsedated sleeping full-term neonates. Using an esophageal catheter electrode, we recorded phasic respiratory activity consistent with that of the principal laryngeal abductors, the posterior cricoarytenoids (PCA). Sequential activation of PCA and Di preceded inspiration. PCA activity typically peaked early in inspiration followed by either a decrescendo or tonic EMG activity of variable amplitude during expiration. Expiratory airflow retardation, or braking, accompanied by expiratory prolongation and reduced ventilation, was commonly observed. In some subjects we observed a time interval between PCA onset and a sudden increase in expiratory airflow just before inspiration, suggesting that release of the brake involved an abrupt loss of antagonistic adductor activity. Our findings suggest that airflow in newborn infants is controlled throughout the breathing cycle by the coordinated action of the Di and the reciprocal action of PCA and laryngeal adductor activities. We conclude that braking mechanisms in infants interact with vagal reflex mechanisms that modulate respiratory cycle timing to influence both the dynamic maintenance of end-expiratory lung volume and ventilation.

scholarly journals Reaction to a Visual Stimulus: Anticipation with Steady and Dynamic Contractions

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Agostina Casamento-Moran ◽  
Stefan Delmas ◽  
Seoung Hoon Park ◽  
Basma Yacoubi ◽  
Evangelos A. Christou
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Variable Direction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Reacting fast to visual stimuli is important for many activities of daily living and sports. It remains unknown whether the strategy used during the anticipatory period influences the speed of the reaction. The purpose of this study was to determine if reaction time (RT) differs following a steady and a dynamic anticipatory strategy. Twenty‐two young adults (21.0 ± 2.2 yrs, 13 women) participated in this study. Participants performed 15 trials of a reaction time task with ankle dorsiflexion using a steady (steady force at 15% MVC) and a dynamic (oscillating force from 10‐20% MVC) anticipatory strategy. We recorded primary agonist muscle (tibialis anterior; TA) electromyographic (EMG) activity. We quantified RT as the time interval from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of force. We found that a dynamic anticipatory strategy, compared to the steady anticipatory strategy, resulted in a longer RT (p = 0.04). We classified trials of the dynamic condition based on the level and direction of anticipatory force at the moment of the response. We found that RT was longer during the middle descending relative to the middle ascending and the steady conditions (p < 0.01). All together, these results suggest that RT is longer when preceded by a dynamic anticipatory strategy. Specifically, the longer RT is a consequence of the variable direction of force at which the response can occur, which challenges the motor planning process.

Abstract 249: The Effect of Response Time on Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival Varies by Patient Subpopulation

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Stoesser ◽  
Justin Boutilier ◽  
Christopher L Sun ◽  
Katie N Dainty ◽  
Steve Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cardiac Arrest Survival ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Itroduction: Previous research has quantified the impact of EMS response time on the probability of survival from OHCA, but the impact on different subpopulations is currently unknown. Aim: To investigate how response time affects OHCA survival for different patient subpopulations. Methods: We conducted a logistic regression analysis on non-EMS witnessed OHCAs of presumed cardiac etiology from the Toronto Regional RescuNet between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2016. We predicted survival using age, sex, public location, presenting rhythm, bystander witnessed, bystander resuscitation, and response time, defined as the time interval from 911 call to EMS arrival at the patient. We conducted subgroup analyses to quantify the effect of response time on survival for eight different subpopulations: public, private, bystander resuscitation, no bystander resuscitation, patients ≥65, patients <65, witnessed, and unwitnessed OHCA. We also quantified the effect of response time on survival for pairwise intersections of the subpopulations. We compared our results to Valenzuela et al. (1997), which suggests survival odds decrease by 10% for each minute delay in response time. Results: We identified 22,988 OHCAs. Overall, a one-minute delay in EMS response time was associated with a 13.2% reduction in the odds of survival. The reduction varied by subpopulation, ranging from a 7.2% reduction in survival odds for unwitnessed arrests to a 16.4% reduction in survival odds for arrests with bystander resuscitation. Response time had the largest impact on survival for the subpopulation of OHCAs that were both witnessed and received bystander resuscitation (17.4% reduction in survival odds). Conclusion: The effect of a one-minute delay in EMS response on the odds of survival from OHCA can be as low as a 7.2% reduction and as high as a 17.4% reduction. This variability contrasts with the currently accepted 10% rule that is assumed across the entire population.

Relaxation Training Effects on Reaction/Response Time, Frontalis EMG, and Behavioral Measures of Relaxation With Hyperactive Males

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Eason ◽  
Jeffrey E. Brandon ◽  
Theresa L. Smith ◽  
Denise C. Serpas
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Relaxation Training ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Time Variables ◽  
Behavioral Relaxation Training

The purposes of this study were to determine if three medically diagnosed hyperactive males could be taught to relax using a modified version of Behavioral Relaxation Training (BRT), as confirmed by frontalis electromyographic (EMG) data and by Poppen’s Behavioral Relaxation Scale (BRS), and to determine if a relaxed state is more optimal for performing attention-demanding motor tasks. After obtaining baseline data for relaxation and reaction/response time variables, subjects received six to eight sessions of BRT, followed by posttesting and a 1-month follow-up. Results indicated large reductions in BRS scores, EMG reductions in two of the three subjects, and reductions in reaction/response time. The results supported the use of relaxation training for facilitating information processing.

A Study of the Dynamic Features of a Wall-Reattachment Fluid Amplifier

1964 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Input ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Transport Time ◽  
Switching Model ◽  
Supply Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Case ◽  
Control Port

The paper describes the characteristics of a wall-reattachment fluid amplifier. The switching of the jet from the wall to which it is attached to the opposite one is analyzed. It is shown that the control input characteristic that is measured statically can be applied in the dynamic case. This fact is far from being trivial, as the transient flow patterns occurring during the switching process are basically different from the stationary patterns. The variation of the response time (time interval between when a control pulse is applied at the control port and when the output signal is received at the other receiver) with the control supply pressure is given and compared with the results obtained from a simple analytical switching model. For a control supply pressure of 40 percent of the supply pressure, the response time is 5 to 8 times the transport time of a particle traveling 20 times the nozzle distance.

System Implications of the Ambulance Arrival-to-Patient Contact Interval on Response Interval Compliance

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack P. Campbell ◽  
Matthew C. Gratton ◽  
Joseph A. Salomone ◽  
Daniel J. Lindholm ◽  
William A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
System Response ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Chi Square

AbstractBackground:Background: In some emergency medical services (EMS) system designs, response time intervals are mandated with monetary penalties for noncompliance. These times are set with the goal of providing rapid, definitive patient care. The time interval of vehicle at scene-to-patient access (VSPA) has been measured, but its effect on response time interval compliance has not been determined.Purpose:To determine the effect of the VSPA interval on the mandated code 1 (<9 min) and code 2 (<13 min) response time interval compliance in an urban, public-utility model system.Methods:A prospective, observational study used independent third-party riders to collect the VSPA interval for emergency life-threatening (code 1) and emergency nonlife-threatening (code 2) calls. The VSPA interval was added to the 9-1-1 call-to-dispatch and vehicle dispatch-to-scene intervals to determine the total time interval from call received until paramedic access to the patient (9-1-1 call-to-patient access). Compliance with the man dated response time intervals was determined using the traditional time intervals (9-1-1 call-to-scene) plus the VSPA time intervals (9-1-1 call-to-patient access). Chi-square was used to determine statistical significance.Results:Of the 216 observed calls, 198 were matched to the traditional time intervals. Sixty three were code 1, and 135 were code 2. Of the code 1 calls, 90.5% were compliant using 9-1-1 call-to-scene intervals dropping to 63.5% using 9-1-1 call-to-patient access intervals (p<0.0005). Of the code 2 calls, 94.1% were compliant using 9-1-1 call-to-scene intervals. Compliance decreased to 83.7% using 9-1-1 call-to-patient access intervals (p = 0.012).Conclusion:The addition of the VSPA interval to the traditional time intervals impacts system response time compliance. Using 9-1-1 call-to-scene compliance as a basis for measuring system performance underestimates the time for the delivery of definitive care. This must be considered when response time interval compliances are defined.

Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Departure Interval: Does Patient Age Matter?

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Schnegg ◽  
Mathieu Pasquier ◽  
Pierre-Nicolas Carron ◽  
Bertrand Yersin ◽  
Fabrice Dami
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Prehospital Emergency ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroductionThe concept of response time with minimal interval is intimately related to the practice of emergency medicine. The factors influencing this time interval are poorly understood.ProblemIn a process of improvement of response time, the impact of the patient’s age on ambulance departure intervals was investigated.MethodThis was a 3-year observational study. Departure intervals of ambulances, according to age of patients, were analyzed and a multivariate analysis, according to time of day and suspected medical problem, was performed.ResultsA total of 44,113 missions were included, 2,417 (5.5%) in the pediatric group. Mean departure delay for the adult group was 152.9 seconds, whereas it was 149.3 seconds for the pediatric group (P =.018).ConclusionA statistically significant departure interval difference between missions for children and adults was found. The difference, however, probably was not significant from a clinical point of view (four seconds).SchneggB, PasquierM, CarronPN, YersinB, DamiF. Prehospital Emergency Medical Services departure interval: does patient age matter?Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):608–613.

What Does EMC Tell Us about Muscle Function?

Motor Control ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan C.A.M. Gielen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Muscle Properties

EMG recordings are frequently used to obtain a better understanding in the coordination of movements. However, EMG activity is made up by the weighted summation of activity of many motor units with different contractile properties. Recent studies have revealed that different motor units contribute to muscle force in different motor tasks. The flexible recruitment of motor units with various contractile properties allows a flexible tuning of muscle properties, but also complicates the interpretation of EMG activity.

Trial-to-Trial Variability of Spike Response of V1 and Saccadic Response Time

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2556-2572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungah Lee ◽  
HyungGoo R. Kim ◽  
Choongkil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Spike Response ◽  
Saccadic Response

Single neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) show variability in spike activity in response to an identical visual stimulus. In the current study, we examined the behavioral significance of the variability in spike activity of V1 neurons for visually guided saccades. We recorded single-cell activity from V1 of monkeys trained to detect and make saccades toward visual targets of varying contrast and analyzed trial-to-trial covariation between the onset time or firing rate of neural response and saccadic response time (RT). Neural latency (NL, the time of the first spike of neural response) was correlated with RT, whereas firing rate (FR) was not. When FR was computed with respect to target onset ignoring NL, a “false” correlation between FR and RT emerged. Multiple regression and partial correlation analyses on NL and FR for predictability of RT variability, as well as a simulation with artificial Poisson spike trains, supported the conclusion that the correlation between FR with respect to target onset and RT was mediated by a correlation between NL and RT, emphasizing the role of trial-to-trial variability of NL for extracting RT-related signals. We attempted to examine laminar differences in RT-related activity. Neurons recorded in the superficial layers tended to show a higher sensitivity to stimulus contrast and a lower correlation with RT compared with those in the lower layers, suggesting a sensory-to-motor transformation within V1 that follows the order of known anatomical connections. These results demonstrate that the trial-to-trial variability of neural response in V1 propagates to the stage of saccade execution, resulting in trial-to-trial variability of RT of a visually guided saccade.

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