Short-Term Memory Factors in Oral Retention

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-349
Author(s):  
Philip H. Marshall ◽  
Margaret Sharrow ◽  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Form ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Exploration Time ◽  
Performance Accuracy

Study or exploration time and retention interval duration between orignal-form exploration and test-form exploration were varied to assess the effect of these two variables on performance accuracy on an oral stereognostic memory task. Irregularly shaped, four-sided plastic forms were used as stimuli. Retention performance improved significantly with an increase in exploration time of up to 15 seconds, but was not effected by delays in testing of up to 60 seconds. Clincal and theoretical implications for oral stereognosis are discussed.

scholarly journals Brain hemodynamic response in Examiner–Examinee dyads during spatial short-term memory task: an fNIRS study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Panico ◽  
Stefania De Marco ◽  
Laura Sagliano ◽  
Francesca D’Olimpio ◽  
Dario Grossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Real

AbstractThe Corsi Block-Tapping test (CBT) is a measure of spatial working memory (WM) in clinical practice, requiring an examinee to reproduce sequences of cubes tapped by an examiner. CBT implies complementary behaviors in the examiners and the examinees, as they have to attend a precise turn taking. Previous studies demonstrated that the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) is activated during CBT, but scarce evidence is available on the neural correlates of CBT in the real setting. We assessed PFC activity in dyads of examiner–examinee participants while completing the real version of CBT, during conditions of increasing and exceeding workload. This procedure allowed to investigate whether brain activity in the dyads is coordinated. Results in the examinees showed that PFC activity was higher when the workload approached or reached participants’ spatial WM span, and lower during workload conditions that were largely below or above their span. Interestingly, findings in the examiners paralleled the ones in the examinees, as examiners’ brain activity increased and decreased in a similar way as the examinees’ one. In the examiners, higher left-hemisphere activity was observed suggesting the likely activation of non-spatial WM processes. Data support a bell-shaped relationship between cognitive load and brain activity, and provide original insights on the cognitive processes activated in the examiner during CBT.

scholarly journals A New Approach to the Fabrication of Memristive Neuromorphic Devices: Compositionally Graded Films

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3680
Author(s):  
Jong-Gul Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Film Electrode ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neuromorphic Computing ◽  
Term Memory

Energy-efficient computing paradigms beyond conventional von-Neumann architecture, such as neuromorphic computing, require novel devices that enable information storage at nanoscale in an analogue way and in-memory computing. Memristive devices with long-/short-term synaptic plasticity are expected to provide a more capable neuromorphic system compared to traditional Si-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. Here, compositionally graded oxide films of Al-doped MgxZn1−xO (g-Al:MgZnO) are studied to fabricate a memristive device, in which the composition of the film changes continuously through the film thickness. Compositional grading in the films should give rise to asymmetry of Schottky barrier heights at the film-electrode interfaces. The g-Al:MgZnO films are grown by using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the films show self-rectifying memristive behaviors which are dependent on maximum applied voltage and repeated application of electrical pulses. Endurance and retention performance tests of the device show stable bipolar resistance switching (BRS) with a short-term memory effect. The short-term memory effects are ascribed to the thermally activated release of the trapped electrons near/at the g-Al:MgZnO film-electrode interface of the device. The volatile resistive switching can be used as a potential selector device in a crossbar memory array and a short-term synapse in neuromorphic computing.

scholarly journals A-65 Verbal Abilities May Influence Performance in Assessment of Verbal Short-Term Memory Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-925
Author(s):  
A Guerra ◽  
J Moses ◽  
J Rivera ◽  
M Davis ◽  
K Hakinson
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract Objective Examine whether verbal abilities may help explain the learning strategies people employ when completing a short-term verbal memory task. Methods The assessment records of 296 American Veterans with diverse neuropsychiatric conditions were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analyses. There were no exclusion criteria. All participants completed the Benton Serial Digit Learning Test – 9 Digits (SDL-9) and Visual Naming (VisNam), Sentence Repetition (SenRep), Controlled Word Association (COWA), and Token Tests of the Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE). Individual assessment instruments were factored using Principal Component Analyses (PCA). A three-factor solution of the SDL-9 was co-factored with the verbal components of the MAE to identify common sources of variance. Results A three-factor solution of the SDL-9 separated trials into three overlapping factors consisting of early (SDL-9_Early), middle (SDL-9_Middle), and late (SDL-9_Late) trials. Co-factoring the three new scales with the verbal components of the MAE produced a four-factor model explaining 67.85% of the shared variance: 1) SenRep loaded with SDL-9_Early, 2) COWAT loaded with SDL-9_Middle and SDL-9_Late, 3) Token loaded with SDL-9_Late, and 4) Vis Nam loaded with SDL-9_Late. Conclusions The results suggest that individuals may engage verbal abilities differently as they progress from simpler to more difficult verbal short-term memory tasks. It appears performance in early trials is mostly associated with rote repetition and performance on middle trials is mostly associated with verbal fluency, while performance on the late trials is associated with a combination of verbal fluency, auditory comprehension, and conceptual organization/naming. This may therefore indicate a shift in learning strategy to meet increased cognitive demands.

The Processing of Synthetic Speech by Older and Younger Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janan Al-Awar Smither
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Synthetic Speech ◽  
Text To Speech ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Older Subjects

This experiment investigated the demands synthetic speech places on short term memory by comparing performance of old and young adults on an ordinary short term memory task. Items presented were generated by a human speaker or by a text-to-speech computer synthesizer. Results were consistent with the idea that the comprehension of synthetic speech imposes increased resource demands on the short term memory system. Older subjects performed significantly more poorly than younger subjects, and both groups performed more poorly with synthetic than with human speech. Findings suggest that short term memory demands imposed by the processing of synthetic speech should be investigated further, particularly regarding the implementation of voice response systems in devices for the elderly.

scholarly journals Imagery in a short-term memory task

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Jones
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

False Memory in a Short-Term Memory Task

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Coane ◽  
Dawn M. McBride ◽  
Bascom A. Raulerson III ◽  
J. Scott Jordan
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
False Memories ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Latency Data ◽  
Single Probe

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM; Roediger & McDermott, 1995 ) paradigm reliably elicits false memories for critical nonpresented words in recognition tasks. The present studies used a Sternberg (1966) task with DRM lists to determine whether false memories occur in short-term memory tasks and to assess the contribution of latency data in the measurement of false memories. Subjects studied three, five, or seven items from DRM lists and responded to a single probe (studied or nonstudied). In both experiments, critical lures were falsely recognized more often than nonpresented weak associates. Latency data indicated that correct rejections of critical lures were slower than correct rejections of weakly related items at all set sizes. False alarms to critical lures were slower than hits to list items. Latency data can distinguish veridical and false memories in a short-term memory task. Results are discussed in terms of activation-monitoring models of false memory.

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