Disfluency and Word Length

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin H. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Length ◽  
The Past

Five studies are reported in which the magnitude of the influence of word length upon the loci of instances of disfluency in the oral reading of stutterers and nonstutterers was investigated. The findings suggest that one factor which makes stutterers “unique”—differentiates them from nonstutterers—is not that they are more likely to be disfluent on long than on short words as has been assumed in the past, but rather the opposite. That is, word length does not exert as strong an influence upon the loci or their disfluencies as is “normal.” In other words, stutterers are more likely to be disfluent on short words than their nonstuttering peers.

The Frequency of Stuttering in Relation to Word Length During Oral Reading

1942 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer F. Brown ◽  
Adelaide Moren
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Length

A Stylometric Analysis of Iranian Poets

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohrab Rezaei ◽  
Nasim Kashanian
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Word Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Authorship Analysis

This paper presents an investigation into the extent to which the lexical choices made by different poets are distinctive. When a writer, writes, s/he makes lexical choices that make them different from other writers and the writing to some extent can be considered as their fingerprint or in the other word their signature. Authorship analysis by means of textual measurements has been the interest of so many linguists. Authors have their own styles and the stylometrist is interested in finding units which can distinct authors from each other. Statistical analysis has provided different tools for this attempt, by different scholars. Over the past 3 centuries many types of textual tools has been introduced to discriminate different authors objectively that developing in computer programing has played the important role for using these models. In this study by writing a computer program, the styles of different Iranian poets, Attar and Molavi, and Nezami, are investigated in terms of their word length and word richness. Result shows differences between their styles in terms of these parameters. This way of analyzing writing of different authors has some implications in different field of sociolinguistic and TOEFL.

Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Nonstutterers During Oral Reading

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin H. Silverman ◽  
Dean E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Sentence Position ◽  
Word Characteristics

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether “disfluencies” in the speech of nonstutterers occur most frequently on words possessing the four linguistic attributes which Brown (1945) reported were related to the occurrence of “stutterings” in the speech of his stutterers. A group of 24 male nonstutterers, ranging in age from 18 to 34 years, read the same 1000-word passage used by Brown. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently, a total of 226, were analyzed for the presence of Brown’s four word characteristics, i.e., initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length. Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these nonstutterers. Disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes (except sentence position) as the words on which Brown reported his stutterers stuttered. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity of the loci of the normal speaker’s disfluencies and the stutterer’s “stutterings.”

scholarly journals Profile of reading accuracy acquisition of students from elementary school

CoDAS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Aparecido José Couto Soares ◽  
Maria Silvia Cárnio ◽  
Haydée Fiszbein Wertzner
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Reading Assessment ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
School Level ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Syllabic Structure

PURPOSE: To characterize the profile of reading accuracy acquisition of children from the elementary school, considering word extension and syllabic structure. METHODS: This study counted on 29 children from the third grade and 28 from the fourth grade of the Brazilian elementary school, with mean age of 8:5 and 9:3 years, respectively, who did not present learning disorders. All participants underwent oral reading assessment through texts according to each school level. The texts were analyzed considering the range of word length and syllabic structure. The performance of the students was analyzed according to the accuracy percentage concerning word length and syllabic structure. All data underwent statistical analysis. RESULTS: We noticed that the variability in the percentage increased due to the number of syllables, with more incidences of error in students from the third year. Furthermore, data pointed out greater accuracy of students from the fourth year with regard to word length and syllabic structure. Analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated interaction effect between both groups and the studied variables. CONCLUSION: This study showed evidence that word length is a strong factor to reading accuracy acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, words with syllabic structure different from the pattern commonly seen in the Portuguese language are more difficult to be read by children of lower schooling levels.

Observations of the continuum near the galactic centre

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Centre ◽  
The Past ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Continuum

A continuum survey of the galactic-centre region has been carried out at Parkes at 20 cm wavelength over the areal11= 355° to 5°,b11= -3° to +3° (Kerr and Sinclair 1966, 1967). This is a larger region than has been covered in such surveys in the past. The observations were done as declination scans.

The Origin of the Moon and its Relationship to the Origin of the Solar System

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold C. Urey
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

During the last 10 years, the writer has presented evidence indicating that the Moon was captured by the Earth and that the large collisions with its surface occurred within a surprisingly short period of time. These observations have been a continuous preoccupation during the past years and some explanation that seemed physically possible and reasonably probable has been sought.

On The Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. W. Small
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.

Stellar Evolution

1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
M. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
Space Craft ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Individual Stars ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolution Of Galaxies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fast Flow

It is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the past decade in astronomy that the evolution of some major classes of astronomical objects has become accessible to detailed research. The theory of the evolution of individual stars has developed into a substantial body of quantitative investigations. The evolution of galaxies, particularly of our own, has clearly become a subject for serious research. Even the history of the solar system, this close-by intriguing puzzle, may soon make the transition from being a subject of speculation to being a subject of detailed study in view of the fast flow of new data obtained with new techniques, including space-craft.

Novae in the Magellanic Clouds

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
J.A. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Magellanic Clouds ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spectroscopic Information ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
The University ◽  
Small Cloud ◽  
Low Dispersion

During the past several years, a systematic search for novae in the Magellanic Clouds has been carried out at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The Curtis Schmidt telescope, on loan to CTIO from the University of Michigan is used to obtain plates every two weeks during the observing season. An objective prism is used on the telescope. This provides additional low-dispersion spectroscopic information when a nova is discovered. The plates cover an area of 5°x5°. One plate is sufficient to cover the Small Magellanic Cloud and four are taken of the Large Magellanic Cloud with an overlap so that the central bar is included on each plate. The methods used in the search have been described by Graham and Araya (1971). In the CTIO survey, 8 novae have been discovered in the Large Cloud but none in the Small Cloud. The survey was not carried out in 1974 or 1976. During 1974, one nova was discovered in the Small Cloud by MacConnell and Sanduleak (1974).

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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