The Variability of Occluded and Unoccluded Bone-Conduction Thresholds

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Dirks ◽  
John G. Swindeman
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Test Frequency ◽  
Final Experiment ◽  
Occlusion Effect ◽  
Air Conduction

A series of three experiments of similar basic design was performed on individuals with normal hearing to compare the variability associated with occluded and unoccluded bone-conduction thresholds. Estimates of threshold were obtained at each test frequency for air conduction, unoccluded bone conduction, and occluded bone conduction stimuli. Eleven young adults participated in Experiment I. Their ears were occluded by TDH-39 earphones encased in MX41/AR cushions. In Experiment II 11 young adults were tested with a Grason-Stadler 001 circumaural cushion replacing the MX41/AR cushion. Two types of occluders were compared in Experiment III, using nine subjects with previous experience in Bekesy tracing. The variability of the occluded bone-conduction thresholds was either similar or less than that observed during the unoccluded measurements. The variability of the occlusion effect itself was comparable or less than the variability of the unoccluded or occluded bone-conduction thresholds. The source of the variability stemmed largely from differences between individuals rather than from test-retest variability. Although the variability of the occluded thresholds was reduced slightly when the circumaural cushion was used as compared to the supra-aural cushion, the results of the final experiment did not completely support the earlier finding.

Calibration Force Levels for Bone Conduction Vibrators

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley L. Billings ◽  
Margaret Winter
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
National Standards ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Bone Conduction Threshold ◽  
Air Conduction ◽  
Good Agreement

Two bone conduction vibrators (Radioear B71 and B72) and a headband (Radioear P-3333) have been developed to meet specifications of both the International Electrotechnical Commission and the American National Standards Institute. Pure-tone thresholds for air conduction and bone conduction were obtained from 24 normal-hearing young adults at audiometric frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz. Results of this study are in good agreement with the standard air conduction threshold sound pressure levels (ANSI) and with bone conduction threshold force levels reported in the literature.

Multiple Auditory Steady-State Responses to Bone-Conduction Stimuli in Adults with Normal Hearing

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 172-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Small ◽  
David R. Stapells
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Research System ◽  
Steady State Responses ◽  
Auditory Steady State Responses ◽  
State Responses ◽  
Single Versus ◽  
Air Conduction

ASSR thresholds to bone-conduction stimuli were determined in 10 adults with normal hearing using mastoid placement of the bone oscillator. ASSRs to 0–50 dB HL bone-conduction stimuli and to 30–60 dB HL air-conduction stimuli were compared. The effect of alternating stimulus polarity on air- and bone-conduction ASSRs was also investigated. Stimuli were bone- and air-conduction amplitude-modulated tones (500–4000 Hz carrier frequencies, modulated at 77–101 Hz). ASSRs were recorded using the Rotman MASTER research system. Mean (1SD) bone-conduction ASSR thresholds were 22(11), 26(13), 18(8), and 18(11) dB HL for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively. Except for a steeper slope at 500 Hz, ASSR intensity-amplitude functions for binaural bone- and air-conduction stimuli showed the same slopes; intensity-phase-delay functions were steeper at 1000 Hz for ASSRs to bone-conduction stimuli. ASSR amplitudes and phases did not differ for single- versus alternated-stimulus polarities for both bone- and air-conduction stimuli. The steeper amplitude slope for ASSRs to 500 Hz stimuli may reflect a nonauditory contribution to the ASSR.

Normal Brief-Tone Bone-Conduction Behavioral Thresholds Using the B-71 Transducer: Three Occlusion Conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 556-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Small ◽  
David R. Stapells
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Brainstem Response ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Behavioral Thresholds ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
Occlusion Effect ◽  
Response Testing ◽  
Brief Tones ◽  
Air Conduction

Behavioral thresholds were measured from 31 adults with normal hearing for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz brief tones presented using a B-71 bone oscillator. Three occlusion conditions were assessed: ears unoccluded, one ear occluded, and both ears occluded. Mean threshold force levels were 67, 54, 49, and 41 dB re:1μN peak-to-peak equivalent in the unoccluded condition for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively (corrected for air-conduction pure-tone thresholds). A significant occlusion effect was observed for 500 and 1000 Hz stimuli. These thresholds may be used as the 0 dB nHL (normalhearing level) for brief-tone bone-conduction stimuli for auditory brainstem response testing.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study of hearing thresholds in medical students

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
V. M. Hemlata Katiyar ◽  
D. Elango ◽  
Vincent Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The hearing thresholds of young adults with no known hearing loss or noise exposure is expected to be closer to 0 dB HL, though with the increasing usage of recreational noise through personal amplification devices there is shift in thresholds noted. Some studies have highlighted the effect of these devices on the hearing thresholds and a general shift of thresholds towards 25 dB. Objective was to determine the audiometric thresholds of a screened sample of medical students with presumed normal hearing.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 103 medical students in the age group of 20 to 23 years were screened and subjected to PTA. The Pure tone average was calculated for air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) separately and also for high frequencies (HF). The average for the female students was compared with that of male students. The right ear average was compared with that of left ear.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There was a statistically significant difference with higher thresholds for males in BC and HF, however the difference in AC was not significant. Between the right and left ears, there was statistically significant elevation observed in BC average in the right ear, but no significant difference was found in the HF and AC thresholds.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There is evidence of thresholds especially BC, shifting more towards 25 dB HL in young adults considered to have normal hearing. Early screening will help in identifying this and prevent further elevation by judicious use of mobile phones, personal music players and personal listening devices.</p>

Audiometric Gelle Test with a New Transducer

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-427
Author(s):  
Charlene B. Stephens ◽  
Godfrey E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Pressure Effect ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Uniform Pressure ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Test Norms ◽  
Negative Pressures ◽  
Occlusion Effect ◽  
Air Conduction

The audiometric Gelle Test was administered to 10 young adults with normal hearing. Threshold measurements were obtained by air and bone conduction using ±40 cm H 2 O pressure at 250, 500, 750, and 1000 Hz. Positive and negative pressures were varied in steps of 10 cm H 2 O up to 50 cm H 2 O over the frequency range of 100–1000 Hz. This was done to determine the amount of pressure that produced the greatest temporary threshold shift. Results suggested: (1) pressures of ±30 cm H 2 O are satisfactory and optimal for clinical practice; (2) contrary to previous reports, low tones were not found to be more affected than moderately higher frequencies; (3) maximum shift occurs from 250–1000 Hz and reveals a uniform pressure effect over this frequency range; (4) negative pressures are more effective than positive; (5) air conduction is more affected than is bone conduction; (6) bone conduction evaluation continues to be fraught with many difficulties, most prominent being the occlusion effect; (7) an improved pressure transducer has been accomplished; and (8) test norms for air and bone conduction have been established.

The Effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback on a Speech-Related Task in Stutterers

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Stark ◽  
Bruce R. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Mechanical Device ◽  
Sensation Level ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Closure Duration ◽  
Syllable Repetition ◽  
Repetition Task ◽  
Air Conduction

Fifteen adult stutterers and 15 matched nonstutterers who presented normal hearing and normal psychiatric and neurological histories were studied. Their responses were compared on a patterned syllable-repetition task under various auditory feedback conditions. The feedback signals were clicks activated by an electro-mechanical device at the time of lip closure. They were either synchronous (SAF) or delayed (DAF) or a combination (SAF/DAF). SAF was presented by bone conduction at a 40-dB sensation level, DAF by binaural air conduction with a delay of 140 or 200 msec, at sensation levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 dB in DAF alone and at sensation levels of 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB in the SAF/DAF combination. Performances were evaluated in terms of pattern duration, lip-closure duration, and number of pattern errors. Stutterers and nonstutterers responded similarly to the feedback conditions. The following three differences were found: (1) during SAF alone, stutterers showed greater duration of lip closure than nonstutterers; (2) there were non-systematic differences between stutterers and nonstutterers in duration of lip closure during DAF and SAF/DAF conditions; and (3) with increased intensity of DAF, stutterers showed a greater increase in number of pattern errors than nonstutterers.

Peripheral Auditory Function in Young HIV-Positive Adults With Clinically Normal Hearing

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110471
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Niemczak ◽  
Travis White-Schwoch ◽  
Abigail Fellows ◽  
Albert Magohe ◽  
Jiang Gui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Auditory Brainstem Response ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Auditory Function ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
Air Conduction ◽  
Hiv Negative

Objective Little is known about peripheral auditory function in young adults with HIV, who might be expected to show early evidence of hearing loss if HIV infection or treatment does affect peripheral function. The goal of this study was to compare peripheral auditory function in 2 age- and gender-matched groups of young adults with clinically normal hearing with and without HIV. Study Design Matched cohort study with repeated measures. Setting Infectious disease center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods Participants included HIV-positive (n = 38) and HIV-negative (n = 38) adults aged 20 to 30 years who had clinically normal hearing, defined as type A tympanograms, air conduction thresholds ≤25 dB HL bilaterally from 0.5 to 8 kHz, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) >6 dB above the noise floor bilaterally from 1.5 to 8 kHz. Participants were tested multiple times over 6-month intervals (average, 2.7 sessions/participant) for a total of 208 observations. Primary outcome measures included tympanograms, air conduction audiograms, DPOAEs, and click-evoked auditory brainstem responses. Results HIV groups did not significantly differ in age, static immittance, or air conduction thresholds. HIV-positive status was independently associated with approximately 3.7-dB lower DPOAE amplitudes from 2 to 8 kHz (95% CI, 1.01-6.82) in both ears and 0.04-µV lower (95% CI, 0.003-0.076) auditory brainstem response wave I amplitudes in the right ear. Conclusion Young adults living with HIV have slightly but reliably smaller DPOAEs and auditory brainstem response wave I amplitudes than matched HIV-negative controls. The magnitude of these differences is small, but these results support measuring peripheral auditory function in HIV-positive individuals as they age.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document