Identification of Correct and Misarticulated Semivowels

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Transition Rate ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Selection Of

This study examined the identification of correctly produced and misarticulated /w, r, l, j/ in several subject groups: 4 normal children who produced correct /w, r, l, j/, 4 normal children with developmental w/r and w/l substitutions, 4 articulation-impaired children who misarticulated /r/ and /1/, a parent of each child, and two raters who were trained in phonetic transcription. Immediately following a production experiment in which the child subjects had produced minimally contrastive /w, r, l, j/ words in sentences, a selection of each child's utterances was randomly mixed with productions by an adult female speaker and were presented in minimally paired sets to each subject for identification of /w, r, l, j/. The children, parents, and raters were much more successful in identifying correctly produced semivowels than misarticulated ones. Misarticulating children and their parents differed from raters in approach to the task and in success. Analysis of individual subject data found that children who identified self-produced semivowels most successfully were the same children whose semivowels exhibited the most second formant frequency and transition rate differences in the previous production experiment. These results have both theoretical and therapeutic implications.

Acoustic Analysis of Correct and Misarticulated Semivowels

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Transition Rate ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Acoustic Pattern ◽  
Impaired Children

Four children who produced correct /w,r,l,j/, four children with developmental w/r and w/l substitutions, and four articulation impaired children with w/r and w/l substitutions were subjects. They produced sets of minimally contrasted words with /w,r,l,j/ in word-initial position with four vowels and with /w,r,l/ in two types of consonant clusters. Children's utterances were spectrographically analyzed for three formant frequencies and transition rate of the second formant. Children with correct semivowels produced distinctive formant frequency patterns for semivowels that were similar to those previously reported in the literature for adults and children. Developmental and articulation impaired children produced acoustic features for /j/ that were similar to the /j/ produced by the control group; but neither group differentiated among /w,r,l/ by either formant frequencies or transition rate. Some individuals in both groups produced formant frequency and/or transition rate differences among semivowels in some phonetic contexts. The /w/ produced for target /w/ and in substitution for /r/ and /l/ by three developmental children and two articulation-impaired children did not match the acoustic pattern of control /w/. These productions had higher second formants, occurring between control /w/ and /r,l/ or in the range of correct /r,l/.

Effects of Aging on the Subcortical Encoding of Stop Consonants

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Dania Rishiq ◽  
Ashley Harkrider ◽  
Cary Springer ◽  
Mark Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Auditory Brainstem Responses ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aging effects on the predominantly subcortical (brainstem) encoding of the second-formant frequency transition, an essential acoustic cue for perceiving place of articulation. Method Synthetic consonant–vowel syllables varying in second-formant onset frequency (i.e., /ba/, /da/, and /ga/ stimuli) were used to elicit speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABRs) in 16 young adults ( M age = 21 years) and 11 older adults ( M age = 59 years). Repeated-measures mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on the latencies and amplitudes of the speech-ABR peaks. Fixed factors were phoneme (repeated measures on three levels: /b/ vs. /d/ vs. /g/) and age (two levels: young vs. older). Results Speech-ABR differences were observed between the two groups (young vs. older adults). Specifically, older listeners showed generalized amplitude reductions for onset and major peaks. Significant Phoneme × Group interactions were not observed. Conclusions Results showed aging effects in speech-ABR amplitudes that may reflect diminished subcortical encoding of consonants in older listeners. These aging effects were not phoneme dependent as observed using the statistical methods of this study.

Phonological and Spatial Processing Abilities in Language- and Reading-Impaired Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Kamhi ◽  
Hugh W. Catts ◽  
Daria Mauer ◽  
Kenn Apel ◽  
Betholyn F. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Paper Folding ◽  
Syllable Segmentation ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Better Than

In the present study, we further examined (see Kamhi & Catts, 1986) the phonological processing abilities of language-impaired (LI) and reading-impaired (RI) children. We also evaluated these children's ability to process spatial information. Subjects were 10 LI, 10 RI, and 10 normal children between the ages of 6:8 and 8:10 years. Each subject was administered eight tasks: four word repetition tasks (monosyllabic, monosyllabic presented in noise, three-item, and multisyllabic), rapid naming, syllable segmentation, paper folding, and form completion. The normal children performed significantly better than both the LI and RI children on all but two tasks: syllable segmentation and repeating words presented in noise. The LI and RI children performed comparably on every task with the exception of the multisyllabic word repetition task. These findings were consistent with those from our previous study (Kamhi & Catts, 1986). The similarities and differences between LI and RI children are discussed.

scholarly journals The comprehension of deictic terms in normal and language impaired children

1981 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Mentis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Semantic Complexity ◽  
Impaired Group ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Impaired Children

This study examined the comprehension of four pairs of deictic terms in a group of language impaired children and compared their interpretation of these terms with those of non-language impaired children of the same age range. Each group was comprised of ten subjects within the age range of 9,6 to 10,6 years. Two tasks were administered, one to assess the comprehension of the terms here, there, this, and that and the other to assess the comprehension of the terms, come, go, bring and take. The results showed that while the non-language impaired subjects comprehended the full deictic contrast between the pairs of terms tested, the language impaired group did not. A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that the language impaired subjects appeared to follow the same developmental sequence as normal children in their acquisition of these terms and responded by using the same strategies that younger non-language impaired children use at equivalent stages of development. Furthermore, the language impaired subjects appeared to comprehend the deictic terms in a predictable order based on their relative semantic complexity.

scholarly journals Study of the operation of the Mounty 4000 machine in logging in mountainous conditions in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012037
Author(s):  
S Glushkov ◽  
D Boyadzhiev ◽  
P I Popikov ◽  
I V Chetverikova ◽  
V V Abramov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The article presents the results of a study of the process of operation of the Mounty 4000 machine in mountain conditions. The main goal of the research is to establish production rates for harvesting when using Mounty 4000 machines in mountainous areas. The need for research in this direction is due to the lack of such data in the current regulations, as well as in the scientific literature. To study the operation of the Mounty 4000, a passive production experiment was carried out in the mountainous regions of Bulgaria. The obtained data on the rates of output and operating time of the Mounty 4000 allows you to make scientifically based decisions in the selection of effective technical means from a large number of alternatives for forest harvesting technologies in mountainous areas.

scholarly journals Aspects of cohesion, tense and pronoun usage in the discourse of the older language-impaired child

1978 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Berger ◽  
Aletta Sinoff
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Impaired Child ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Impaired Children

Aspects of the discourse of 5 language-impaired children and 5 children with no language impairment, aged approximately 9 years, were compared. A film and a story sequence were utilised to elicit narratives on which, measures of cohesion, tense and pronouns were appraised. Measures of cohesion refer  to the ability to indicate appropriately the relations of meaning with regard to situational context. Measures of tense include aspects of tense range and tense continuity. Measures of  pronouns refer  to the anaphoric use of  pronouns with non-ambiguous referents.  The group of language-impaired children was found  to be significantly poorer on measures of  cohesion and pronominal usage than the normal children, whereas a significant difference between the two groups was not revealed on measures of tense. Possible factors  accounting for  these findings  were discussed and implications for the diagnosis and therapy of the older language-impaired child were considered.

Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Index and Wisc-R IQ for Educable Mentally Retarded, Learning Disabled, and Normal Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Naglieri
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Educable Mentally Retarded ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The relationship between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and the WISC-R Full Scale IQ was examined for 20 educable mentally retarded, 20 learning disabled, and 20 normal children aged 6 to 8½ yr. Selection of children was conducted so that the three groups would be comparable with res pea to age, sex, and race. The mean McCarthy Indexes for the retarded and learning disabled samples were significantly lower than the mean WISC-R Full Scale IQs. When the Index and Full Scale IQ were converted to a common metric and compared, the mean index for the retarded and learning disabled samples remained lower than the Full Scale IQs, although the differences were nonsignificant. The measures correlated significantly for all three samples and ranged from .51 to .82.

Comparison of insulin sensitivity indices properties calculated from OGTT

Open Medicine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Chrenova ◽  
Zuzana Rausova ◽  
Adela Penesova ◽  
Ladislav Dedik
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Sensitivity Indices ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe aim of this study was to present the properties of insulin sensitivity indices formulas to justify selection of formulas to evaluate of insulin sensitivity for calculation from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) data. Twelve of the most applicable formulae for ISI calculation were analyzed in the view of two sets of results: 1) point contrasts, calculated as the ratio of average ISI values in lean and obese groups of patients; and 2) interval contrasts, calculated as ratios of T from the two-sided t-test, evaluated as dimensionless, mutually comparable contrasts within a continuous scale. Statistical significance of individual ISIs in terms of their contrasts was evaluated by two-sided t-tests. P<0.001 was a considered statistically significance between a group of 59 healthy volunteers with BMI<25 kg/m2 and a group of 63 volunteers with BMI≥25 kg/m2 who underwent frequent OGTT sampling. To compare data of an individual subject with the standard, we recommend selecting the formulas with a high point contrast. To compare of data of several subject groups, we recommend using the formulas with a high interval contrast.

A Drawing Task to Assess Emotion Inference in Language-Impaired Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1563-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vendeville ◽  
Nathalie Blanc ◽  
Claire Brechet
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Free Response ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose Studies investigating the ability of children with language impairment (LI) to infer emotions rely on verbal responses (which can be challenging for these children) and/or the selection of a card representing an emotion (which limits the response range). In contrast, a drawing task might allow a broad spectrum of responses without involving language. This study used a drawing task to compare the ability to make emotional inferences in children with and without LI. Method Twenty-two children with LI and 22 typically developing children ages 6 to 10 years were assessed in school during 3 sessions. They were asked to listen to audio stories. At specific moments, the experimenter stopped the recording and asked children to complete the drawing of a face to depict the emotion felt by the story's character. Three adult study-blind judges were subsequently asked to evaluate the expressiveness of the drawings. Results Children with LI had more difficulty than typically developing children making emotional inferences. Children with LI also made more errors of different valence than their typically developing peers. Conclusion Our findings confirm that children with LI show difficulty in producing emotional inferences, even when performing a drawing task—a relatively language-free response mode.

The Effects of Changes in Hearing Status in Cochlear Implant Users on the Acoustic Vowel Space and CV Coarticulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harlan Lane ◽  
Melanie Matthies ◽  
Joseph Perkell ◽  
Jennell Vick ◽  
Majid Zandipour
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Hearing Status ◽  
Vowel Formant ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
Second Formant

In order to examine the role of hearing status in controlling coarticulation, eight English vowels in /bVt/ and /dVt/ syllables, embedded in a carrier phrase, were elicited from 7 postlingually deafened adults and 2 speakers with normal hearing. The deaf adults served in repeated recording sessions both before and up to a year after they received cochlear implants and their speech processors were turned on. Each of the two hearing control speakers served in two recording sessions, separated by about 3 months. Measures were made of second formant frequency at obstruent release and at 25 ms intervals until the final obstruent. An index of coarticulation, based on the ratio of F2 at vowel onset to F2 at midvowel target, was computed. Changes in the amount of coarticulation after the change in hearing status were small and nonsystematic for the /bVt/ syllables; those for the /dVt/ syllables averaged a 3% increase—within the range of reliability measures for the 2 hearing control speakers. Locus equations (F2 at vowel onset vs. F2 at vowel midpoint) and ratios of F2 onsets in point vowels were also calculated. Like the index of coarticulation, these measures tended to confirm that hearing status had little if any effect on coarticulation in the deaf speakers, consistent with the hypothesis that hearing does not play a direct role in regulating anticipatory coarticulation in adulthood. With the restoration of some hearing, 2 implant users significantly increased the average spacing between vowels in the formant plane, whereas the remaining 5 decreased that measure. All speakers but one also reduced vowel duration significantly. Four of the speakers reduced dispersion of vowel formant values around vowel midpoint means, but the other 3 did not show this effect.

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