Preimplantation genome editing: CCR5 in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Mills
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Ccr5 Gene ◽  
Satisfactory Response ◽  
Biomedical Innovation ◽  
The One

Part of the criticism of the one reported case of human preimplantation genome editing (PGE) turned on the inadequacy of the purpose for which it was undertaken (inherent immunity to HIV) and its target (the CCR5 gene). The discussion of CCR5 in this context reveals the different values that inform the idea of acceptable uses of PGE and of the conditions of responsible biomedical innovation among the scientist responsible and his critics. While the use of PGE for any indication remains unacceptable (or, at the very least, premature), neither position offers a satisfactory response to this prospective biotechnology.

scholarly journals CRISPR Cas-9 genome editing and Islam: A religious perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Fazli Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The One ◽  
Minor Disease ◽  
A Minor

Background: Certainly, the ultimate aim of Islamic law is to “protect human life” either through mitigation of hardship or recognition of public interests reckons biomedical innovations allowable where-if cling by ethical, moral and legal principles. Assertively, if–CRISPR Cas- 9 genome editing–methods based on the guided principles of Islamic law and jurisprudence, as “harm has to be redressed” can be justified keeping in view the human dignity, honor and prestige. Hence, newer technologies can be adopted because “necessity renders prohibited things as permissible” with certain caveats. Arguably those who consider it as an evil must think over that “in the presence of two evils, the one whose injury is greater is avoided by the commission of the lesser”. Conclusion: Therefore if Cas-9 based method leaning towards evils, even then it can be acceptable in case where an atypical germ-line sequence can affect the next generation, which is indeed a great evil, and “the lesser of evils is preferred over the greater one” renders it permissible with a view it might enhance human health and living standard. Conversely, curing a minor disease if causing another equal infirmity or greater should be rendered forbidden as “harm cannot be removed by harm”, then, “a greater harm can be removed by a lesser one” germ-line editing/alteration in severe cases will be allowed on the basis of necessity. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.7-13

scholarly journals Investigating viral attenuation by promoter knockout: a systems approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L Paff ◽  
Benjamin R. Jack ◽  
Daniel R Boutz ◽  
Bartram L Smith ◽  
Claus O Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
T7 Promoter ◽  
Highly Expressed Genes ◽  
The One ◽  
Viral Attenuation ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Live attenuated viral vaccines provide the most robust and longest lasting immune response. Yet designing them a priori to have reduced growth capacity and also to be robust to evolutionary reversion can be challenging. On the one hand, genome editing methods now enable us to create almost any conceivable viral genome composition. Yet understanding and predicting how engineered genomes will behave and evolve is a challenge. Here we adopt a systems approach in studying a simple attenuation design in bacteriophage T7: promoter knockout. Either or both promoters for the two most highly expressed genes were abolished. Overall fitnesses, major phenotypes and gene expression levels were measured for all initial genomes and for genomes evolved toward for fitness recovery. Initial genomes behaved broadly as expected, but the genomes showed an unexpected ability to evolve back to high fitness. Genome sequences, RNA Seq and proteomics reveal the molecular foundations of the attenuations and recoveries. Overall, the work suggests that a systems approach is ultimately yielding to understanding, if not predicting the consequences of genome editing and evolutionary recoveries of simple genomes.

scholarly journals Investigating viral attenuation by promoter knockout: a systems approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L Paff ◽  
Benjamin R. Jack ◽  
Daniel R Boutz ◽  
Bartram L Smith ◽  
Claus O Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
T7 Promoter ◽  
Highly Expressed Genes ◽  
The One ◽  
Viral Attenuation ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Live attenuated viral vaccines provide the most robust and longest lasting immune response. Yet designing them a priori to have reduced growth capacity and also to be robust to evolutionary reversion can be challenging. On the one hand, genome editing methods now enable us to create almost any conceivable viral genome composition. Yet understanding and predicting how engineered genomes will behave and evolve is a challenge. Here we adopt a systems approach in studying a simple attenuation design in bacteriophage T7: promoter knockout. Either or both promoters for the two most highly expressed genes were abolished. Overall fitnesses, major phenotypes and gene expression levels were measured for all initial genomes and for genomes evolved toward for fitness recovery. Initial genomes behaved broadly as expected, but the genomes showed an unexpected ability to evolve back to high fitness. Genome sequences, RNA Seq and proteomics reveal the molecular foundations of the attenuations and recoveries. Overall, the work suggests that a systems approach is ultimately yielding to understanding, if not predicting the consequences of genome editing and evolutionary recoveries of simple genomes.

Imipramine with electrical treatment in depression—A controlled trial

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (456) ◽  
pp. 704-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Seager ◽  
R. L. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Satisfactory Response ◽  
Experimental Support ◽  
Electrical Treatment ◽  
The One ◽  
Depressant Drug

Since the introduction of anti-depressant drugs into general use in the psychiatric field, there have been several statements to the effect that such a drug administered concurrently with electrical treatment reduces the number of shocks required to achieve a satisfactory response. This has been claimed by Sargant (1961) but without experimental support. Dunlop (1960) has published a comparison between the number of electrical treatments given with the anti-depressant drug during a particular attack, and the number of treatments without the aid of a drug in an earlier attack in the same patient: however, comparison of treatments in the same group of patients at different times is unreliable because there may be other factors to account for the differences noted. A controlled trial is necessary to ensure that all factors are constant other than the one under consideration.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Fundamental Research into Thin Films in a Developing Country

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
J.A. Eades ◽  
E. Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Empirical Process ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Film Research ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Controlled Deposition ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

In the last decade and a half, thin film research, particularly research into problems associated with epitaxy, has developed from a simple empirical process of determining the conditions for epitaxy into a complex analytical and experimental study of the nucleation and growth process on the one hand and a technology of very great importance on the other. During this period the thin films group of the University of Chile has studied the epitaxy of metals on metal and insulating substrates. The development of the group, one of the first research groups in physics to be established in the country, has parallelled the increasing complexity of the field.The elaborate techniques and equipment now needed for research into thin films may be illustrated by considering the plant and facilities of this group as characteristic of a good system for the controlled deposition and study of thin films.

STM studies of crystal growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
M. G. Lagally
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Wide Field Of View ◽  
The One

It has been recognized since the earliest days of crystal growth that kinetic processes of all Kinds control the nature of the growth. As the technology of crystal growth has become ever more refined, with the advent of such atomistic processes as molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, and plasma enhanced techniques for the creation of “crystals” as little as one or a few atomic layers thick, multilayer structures, and novel materials combinations, the need to understand the mechanisms controlling the growth process is becoming more critical. Unfortunately, available techniques have not lent themselves well to obtaining a truly microscopic picture of such processes. Because of its atomic resolution on the one hand, and the achievable wide field of view on the other (of the order of micrometers) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) gives us this opportunity. In this talk, we briefly review the types of growth kinetics measurements that can be made using STM. The use of STM for studies of kinetics is one of the more recent applications of what is itself still a very young field.

Preparation of Electron Transparent Metal-Matrix Composites

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 334-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Pinnel ◽  
A. Lawley
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One

Numerous phenomenological descriptions of the mechanical behavior of composite materials have been developed. There is now an urgent need to study and interpret deformation behavior, load transfer, and strain distribution, in terms of micromechanisms at the atomic level. One approach is to characterize dislocation substructure resulting from specific test conditions by the various techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The present paper describes a technique for the preparation of electron transparent composites of aluminum-stainless steel, such that examination of the matrix-fiber (wire), or interfacial region is possible. Dislocation substructures are currently under examination following tensile, compressive, and creep loading. The technique complements and extends the one other study in this area by Hancock.The composite examined was hot-pressed (argon atmosphere) 99.99% aluminum reinforced with 15% volume fraction stainless steel wire (0.006″ dia.).Foils were prepared so that the stainless steel wires run longitudinally in the plane of the specimen i.e. the electron beam is perpendicular to the axes of the wires. The initial step involves cutting slices ∼0.040″ in thickness on a diamond slitting wheel.

Grain boundary segregation in metals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1204-1205
Author(s):  
C.L. Briant
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Grain Boundary Segregation ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
The One

Grain boundary segregation is the process by which solute elements in a material diffuse to the grain boundaries, become trapped there, and increase their local concentration at the boundary over that in the bulk. As a result of this process this local concentration of the segregant at the grain boundary can be many orders of magnitude greater than the bulk concentration of the segregant. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that grain boundary segregation can affect many material properties such as fracture, corrosion, and grain growth.One of the best ways to study grain boundary segregation is with Auger electron spectroscopy. This spectroscopy is an extremely surface sensitive technique. When it is used to study grain boundary segregation the sample must first be fractured intergranularly in the high vacuum spectrometer. This fracture surface is then the one that is analyzed. The development of scanning Auger spectrometers have allowed researchers to first image the fracture surface that is created and then to perform analyses on individual grain boundaries.

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