scholarly journals Division in synthetic cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Schwille
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Artificial Cell ◽  
Synthetic Cells ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Physical Principles

Cell division is one of the most fundamental processes of life, and so far the only known way of how living systems can come into existence at all. Consequently, its reconstitution in any artificial cell system that will have to be built from the bottom-up is a notoriously complex but an important task. In this short review, I discuss several approaches how to realize division of cell-like compartments, from simply relying on the physical principles of destabilization by growth, or applying external forces, to the design of self-assembling and self-organizing machineries that may autonomously accomplish this task in response to external or internal cues.

An artificial cell system for biocompatible gene delivery in cancer therapy

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 10189-10195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Dongyang Tang ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
Shaoqing Chen ◽  
Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Artificial Cell

The artifical cell system for the gene therapy of cancer might be a promising approach for the reversal of neoplastic progress of cancer cells.

Failure of Rubber by Abrasion

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl T. R. Pulford
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Physical Principles

Abstract This short review presents the landmark discoveries and ideas in rubber abrasion that have brought the field to where it is today. First, the important features of rubber abrasion are reviewed as background for a physical model for the abrasion of rubber. The model, due to Thomas, is described in detail, since it clearly shows the connection between the failure of rubber by abrasive wear and the appropriate rubber fracture properties. The implications of the model for improved abrasion resistance are also discussed. Then, physical principles are applied to the failure of rubber by abrasion in actual products, such as tires. The tire wear model of Schallamach and Turner is described, together with its success in explaining several features of tire wear.

scholarly journals 2P282 Nonequilibrium artificial cell system based on water-in-oil microdroplet(24. Mathematical biology,Poster)

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (supplement1-2) ◽  
pp. S241
Author(s):  
Masahiro Takinoue ◽  
Haruka Sugiura ◽  
Hiroyuki Kitahara ◽  
Yoshihito Mori
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Biology ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Artificial Cell

Dividing the goods: co-ordination of chromosome biorientation and mitotic checkpoint signalling by mitotic kinases

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert J.P.L. Kops
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Mitotic Checkpoint ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Chromosomal Stability ◽  
Mitotic Kinases

Error-free chromosome segregation during cell division relies on chromosome biorientation and mitotic checkpoint activity. A group of unrelated kinases controls various aspects of both processes. The present short review outlines our current understanding of the roles of these kinases in maintaining chromosomal stability.

Genetic Exchange Leading to Self-Assembling RNA Species upon Encapsulation in Artificial Protocells

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio-Francis M. Zenisek ◽  
Eric J. Hayden ◽  
Niles Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Assembly Pathway ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Recombination Reactions

The encapsulation of information-bearing macromolecules inside protocells is a critical step in scenarios for the origins of life on the Earth as well as for the construction of artificial living systems. For these protocells to emulate life, they must be able to transmit genetic information to other cells. We have used a water-in-oil emulsion system to simulate the compartmentalization of catalytic RNA molecules. By exploiting RNA-directed recombination reactions previously developed in our laboratory, including a ribozyme self-assembly pathway, we demonstrate that it is possible for information to be exchanged among protocells. This can happen either indirectly by the passage of divalent cations through the inter-protocellular medium (oil), or by the direct interaction of two or more protocells that allows RNA molecules to be exchanged. The degree of agitation affects the ability of such exchange. The consequences of these results include the implications that prototypical living systems can transmit information among compartments, and that the environment can regulate the extent of this crosstalk.

Synthesis of Artificial Models of Sickle Red Cells

1987 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick D. Macgregor ◽  
Noel Taylor ◽  
Bertram Lubin ◽  
C. Anthony Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Synthetic Cells

AbstractThe primary role of a red cell substitute is to deliver oxygen to cells eitherin vivo or in vitro. It seems reasonable to mimic evolution, which solved the problem of oxygen delivery in many species by encapsulating oxygen carrying proteins in cell-sized delivery systems. We have successfully synthesized and tested an artificial red cell (Neohemocytes: see Science 230, 1165, 1985). How many properties or functions of red cells can one mimic synthetically? Can these synthetic cells serve as useful models? Here we report the first successful synthesis of an artificial model sickle cell. No reproducible, model cell system was previously available for research. A procedure identical to that used to prepare normal neohemocytes (NHC) was employed using sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The starting material was O2or CO liganded HbS at a concentration of approximately 15g% in a 30 mOsm phosphate buffer; this solution was kept ultrahypotonic until the final stage of the process. The lipid bilayer membrane was formed during a prolonged adjustment of the osmolality to 300 mOsm. The final step was removal of unencapsulated HbS. Sickle NHC were examined in parallel with normal (HbA containing) NHC by scanning and thin section electron microscopy before and after deoxygenation. These synthetic cells do sickle! Some look remarkably like red blood cells, only much smaller. Our data suggests that polymerization of the HbS within sickle NHC may be initiated by a different mechanism than the polymerization of purified solutions of HbS. The typical lipid bilayer seen in HbA containing NBC was essentially absent in the sickle NHC: similar results have been reported for irreversibly sickled red cells. Sickle NHC thus have remarkable potential to function as model sickle cells.

scholarly journals Rho and F-actin self-organize within an artificial cell cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Landino ◽  
Marcin Leda ◽  
Ani Michaud ◽  
Zachary T. Swider ◽  
Mariah Prom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
List Type ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Artificial Cell ◽  
Egg Extract ◽  
Dynamic Patterns

SummaryThe cell cortex, comprised of the plasma membrane and underlying cytoskeleton, undergoes dynamic reorganizations during a variety of essential biological processes including cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell division1,2. During cell division and cell locomotion, for example, waves of filamentous-actin (F-actin) assembly and disassembly develop in the cell cortex in a process termed “cortical excitability”3–7. In developing frog and starfish embryos, cortical excitability is generated through coupled positive and negative feedback, with rapid activation of Rho-mediated F-actin assembly followed in space and time by F-actin-dependent inhibition of Rho8,9. These feedback loops are proposed to serve as a mechanism for amplification of active Rho signaling at the cell equator to support furrowing during cytokinesis, while also maintaining flexibility for rapid error correction in response to movement of the mitotic spindle during chromosome segregation10. In this paper, we develop an artificial cortex based on Xenopus egg extract and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), to investigate cortical Rho and F-actin dynamics11. This reconstituted system spontaneously develops two distinct dynamic patterns: singular excitable Rho and F-actin waves and non-traveling oscillatory Rho and F-actin patches. Both types of dynamic patterns have properties and dependencies similar to the cortical excitability previously characterized in vivo9. These findings directly support the longstanding speculation that the cell cortex is a self-organizing structure and present a novel approach for investigating mechanisms of Rho-GTPase-mediated cortical dynamics.HighlightsAn artificial cell cortex comprising Xenopus egg extract on a supported lipid bilayer self-organizes into complex, dynamic patterns of active Rho and F-actinWe identified two types of reconstituted cortical dynamics – excitable waves and coherent oscillationsReconstituted waves and oscillations require Rho activity and F-actin polymerization

scholarly journals Selection from a pool of self-assembling lipid replicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Colomer ◽  
Arseni Borissov ◽  
Stephen P. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Autocatalytic Reaction ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Kinetically Controlled ◽  
Phase Selectivity ◽  
Autocatalytic Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractReplication and compartmentalization are fundamental to living systems and may have played important roles in life’s origins. Selection in compartmentalized autocatalytic systems might provide a way for evolution to occur and for life to arise from non-living systems. Herein we report selection in a system of self-reproducing lipids where a predominant species can emerge from a pool of competitors. The lipid replicators are metastable and their out-of-equilibrium population can be sustained by feeding the system with starting materials. Phase separation is crucial for selective surfactant formation as well as autocatalytic kinetics; indeed, no selection is observed when all reacting species are dissolved in the same phase. Selectivity is attributed to a kinetically controlled process where the rate of monomer formation determines which replicator building blocks are the fittest. This work reveals how kinetics of a phase-separated autocatalytic reaction may be used to control the population of out-of-equilibrium replicators in time.

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