Distal, not proximal, colonic acetate infusions promote fat oxidation and improve metabolic markers in overweight/obese men

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (22) ◽  
pp. 2073-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. van der Beek ◽  
Emanuel E. Canfora ◽  
Kaatje Lenaerts ◽  
Freddy J. Troost ◽  
Steven W.M. Olde Damink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Substrate Metabolism ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Anorexigenic Peptide ◽  
Host Metabolism

Microbial-derived acetate seems to be an important regulator of host metabolism. In the present study we show that distal, but not proximal, colonic acetate infusions beneficially affect whole-body substrate metabolism via an increase in fat oxidation and anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY) in overweight/obese men.

scholarly journals The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernández ◽  
Canfora ◽  
Jocken ◽  
Blaak
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Substrate Metabolism ◽  
Human Data ◽  
Body Weight Control

The interplay of gut microbiota, host metabolism, and metabolic health has gained increased attention. Gut microbiota may play a regulatory role in gastrointestinal health, substrate metabolism, and peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas via its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Animal and human data demonstrated that, in particular, acetate beneficially affects host energy and substrate metabolism via secretion of the gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, which, thereby, affects appetite, via a reduction in whole-body lipolysis, systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and via an increase in energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thus, potential therapies to increase gut microbial fermentation and acetate production have been under vigorous scientific scrutiny. In this review, the relevance of the colonically and systemically most abundant SCFA acetate and its effects on the previously mentioned tissues will be discussed in relation to body weight control and glucose homeostasis. We discuss in detail the differential effects of oral acetate administration (vinegar intake), colonic acetate infusions, acetogenic fiber, and acetogenic probiotic administrations as approaches to combat obesity and comorbidities. Notably, human data are scarce, which highlights the necessity for further human research to investigate acetate’s role in host physiology, metabolic, and cardiovascular health.

Erythropoietin administration acutely stimulates resting energy expenditure in healthy young men

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1114-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Christensen ◽  
Mikkel H. Vendelbo ◽  
Thomas Krusenstjerna-Hafstrøm ◽  
Michael Madsen ◽  
Steen B. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Substrate Metabolism ◽  
Resting Energy

Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) improves insulin sensitivity in patients with end-stage renal disease, and animal studies indicate that Epo increases fat oxidation. However, the metabolic effects of rHuEpo have never been experimentally studied in healthy humans. The aim was to investigate the effects of an acute rHuEpo bolus on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men. Ten healthy young men were studied in a single-blinded, randomized crossover design with a 2-wk washout period receiving 400 IU/kg rHuEpo or placebo. Substrate metabolism was evaluated by indirect calorimetry and tracer infusions, and insulin sensitivity by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; and PCR and Western blotting measured protein expression and content, respectively. Resting energy expenditure (REE) increased significantly after rHuEpo [basal: 1,863.3 ± 67.2 (kcal/day) (placebo) vs. 2,041.6 ± 81.2 (rHuEpo), P < 0.001; clamp: 1,903.9 ± 68.3 (placebo) vs. 2,015.7 ± 114.4 (rHuEpo), P = 0.03], but the increase could not be explained by changes in mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 2 or 3. Fat oxidation in the basal state tended to be higher after rHuEpo but could not be explained by changes in mRNA levels of CPT1 and PPARα or AMPK and ACC protein phosphorylation. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, glucose metabolism, and whole body and forearm protein metabolism did not change significantly in response to rHuEpo. In conclusion, a single injection of rHuEpo acutely increases REE in healthy human subjects. This calorigenic effect is not accompanied by distinct alterations in the pattern of substrate metabolism or insulin sensitivity.

Determinants of maximal whole-body fat oxidation in elite cross-country skiers: Role of skeletal muscle mitochondria

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2494-2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sune Dandanell ◽  
Anne-Kristine Meinild-Lundby ◽  
Andreas B. Andersen ◽  
Paul F. Lang ◽  
Laura Oberholzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Consumption of a High-Protein Meal Replacement Leads to Higher Fat Oxidation, Suppression of Hunger, and Improved Metabolic Profile After an Exercise Session

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Camila L. P. Oliveira ◽  
Normand G. Boulé ◽  
Aloys Berg ◽  
Arya M. Sharma ◽  
Sarah A. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Meal Replacement ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
High Protein Meal ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of a high-protein meal replacement (HP-MR) versus a control (CON) breakfast on exercise metabolism. In this acute, randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants were allocated into two isocaloric arms: (a) HP-MR: 30% carbohydrate, 43% protein, and 27% fat; (b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. Following breakfast, participants performed a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidation, appetite sensations, and metabolic blood markers were assessed. Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (24 males) participated. Compared to the CON breakfast, the HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation (1.07 ± 0.33 g/session; p = 0.003) and lower carbohydrate oxidation (−2.32 ± 0.98 g/session; p = 0.023) and respiratory exchange ratio (−0.01 ± 0.00; p = 0.003) during exercise. After exercise, increases in hunger were lower during the HP-MR condition. Changes in blood markers from the fasting state to post-exercise during the HP-MR condition were greater for insulin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and glucagon-like peptide 1, and lower for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glycerol. Our primary findings were that an HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation during the exercise session, suppression of hunger, and improved metabolic profile after it.

scholarly journals Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole‐body fat oxidation during moderate‐intensity exercise

Aging Cell ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Chee ◽  
Chris E. Shannon ◽  
Aisling Burns ◽  
Anna L. Selby ◽  
Daniel Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

scholarly journals Bile acids drive colonic secretion of glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY in rodents

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. G574-G584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bayer Christiansen ◽  
Samuel Addison Jack Trammell ◽  
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen ◽  
Kristina Schoonjans ◽  
Reidar Albrechtsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
G Protein Coupled

A large number of glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-producing L cells are located in the colon, but little is known about their contribution to whole body metabolism. Since bile acids (BAs) increase GLP-1 and PYY release, and since BAs spill over from the ileum to the colon, we decided to investigate the ability of BAs to stimulate colonic GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Using isolated perfused rat/mouse colon as well as stimulation of the rat colon in vivo, we demonstrate that BAs significantly enhance secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from the colon with average increases of 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we find that responses depend on BA absorption followed by basolateral activation of the BA-receptor Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5. Surprisingly, the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter, which serves to absorb conjugated BAs, was not required for colonic conjugated BA absorption or conjugated BA-induced peptide secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that BAs represent a major physiological stimulus for colonic L-cell secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of isolated perfused rodent colon preparations we show that bile acids are potent and direct promoters of colonic glucagon-like-peptide 1 and peptide-YY secretion. The study provides convincing evidence that basolateral Takeda-G protein-coupled-receptor 5 activation is mediating the effects of bile acids in the colon and thus add to the existing literature described for L cells in the ileum.

Reduced plasma FFA availability increases net triacylglycerol degradation, but not GPAT or HSL activity, in human skeletal muscle

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. E120-E127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Watt ◽  
Anna G. Holmes ◽  
Gregory R. Steinberg ◽  
Jose L. Mesa ◽  
Bruce E. Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Intramuscular triacylglycerols (IMTG) are proposed to be an important metabolic substrate for contracting muscle, although this remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that reduced plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability would increase IMTG degradation during exercise, seven active men cycled for 180 min at 60% peak pulmonary O2 uptake either without (CON) or with (NA) prior ingestion of nicotinic acid to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsy samples were obtained before and at 90 and 180 min of exercise. NA ingestion decreased ( P < 0.05) plasma FFA at rest and completely suppressed the exercise-induced increase in plasma FFA (180 min: CON, 1.42 ± 0.07; NA, 0.10 ± 0.01 mM). The decreased plasma FFA during NA was associated with decreased ( P < 0.05) adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity (CON: 13.9 ± 2.5, NA: 9.1 ± 3.0 nmol·min−1·mg protein−1). NA ingestion resulted in decreased whole body fat oxidation and increased carbohydrate oxidation. Despite the decreased whole body fat oxidation, net IMTG degradation was greater in NA compared with CON (net change: CON, 2.3 ± 0.8; NA, 6.3 ± 1.2 mmol/kg dry mass). The increased IMTG degradation did not appear to be due to reduced fatty acid esterification, because glycerol 3-phosphate activity was not different between trials and was unaffected by exercise (rest: 0.21 ± 0.07; 180 min: 0.17 ± 0.04 nmol·min−1·mg protein−1). HSL activity was not increased from resting rates during exercise in either trial despite elevated plasma epinephrine, decreased plasma insulin, and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α1 activity was not affected by exercise or NA, whereas AMPKα2 activity was increased ( P < 0.05) from rest during exercise in NA and was greater ( P < 0.05) than in CON at 180 min. These data suggest that plasma FFA availability is an important mediator of net IMTG degradation, and in the absence of plasma FFA, IMTG degradation cannot maintain total fat oxidation. These changes in IMTG degradation appear to disassociate, however, from the activity of the key enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of this substrate.

scholarly journals Maximal Fat Oxidation: Comparison between Treadmill, Elliptical and Rowing Exercises

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
Michelle Filipovic ◽  
Stephanie Munten ◽  
Karl-Heinz Herzig ◽  
Dominique D. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Exercise Modality ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation

Fat oxidation during exercise is associated with cardio-metabolic benefits, but the extent of which whole-body exercise modality elicits the greatest fat oxidation remains unclear. We investigated the effects of treadmill, elliptical and rowing exercise on fat oxidation in healthy individuals. Nine healthy males participated in three, peak oxygen consumption tests, on a treadmill, elliptical and rowing ergometer. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates, and the exercise intensity MFO occurred (Fatmax). Mixed venous blood was collected to assess lactate and blood gases concentrations. While V̇O2peak was similar between exercise modalities, MFO rates were higher on the treadmill (mean ± SD; 0.61 ± 0.06 g·min-1) compared to both the elliptical (0.41 ± 0.08 g·min-1, p = 0.022) and the rower (0.40 ± 0.08 g·min-1, p = 0.017). Fatmax values were also significantly higher on the treadmill (56.0 ± 6.2 %V̇O2peak) compared to both the elliptical (36.8 ± 5.4 %V̇O2peak, p = 0.049) and rower (31.6 ± 5.0 %V̇O2peak, p = 0.021). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were also significantly lower following treadmill exercise (p = 0.021). Exercising on a treadmill maximizes fat oxidation to a greater extent than elliptical and rowing exercises, and remains an important exercise modality to improve fat oxidation, and consequently, cardio-metabolic health.

Nighttime snacking reduces whole body fat oxidation and increases LDL cholesterol in healthy young women

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (2) ◽  
pp. R94-R101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Hibi ◽  
Ayumi Masumoto ◽  
Yuri Naito ◽  
Kahori Kiuchi ◽  
Yayoi Yoshimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Snack Consumption

The increase in obesity and lipid disorders in industrialized countries may be due to irregular eating patterns. Few studies have investigated the effects of nighttime snacking on energy metabolism. We examined the effects of nighttime snacking for 13 days on energy metabolism. Eleven healthy women (means ± SD; age: 23 ± 1 yr; body mass index: 20.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) participated in this randomized crossover trial for a 13-day intervention period. Subjects consumed a specified snack (192.4 ± 18.3 kcal) either during the daytime (10:00) or the night time (23:00) for 13 days. On day 14, energy metabolism was measured in a respiratory chamber without snack consumption. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on day 15. Relative to daytime snacking, nighttime snacking significantly decreased fat oxidation (daytime snacking: 52.0 ± 13.6 g/day; nighttime snacking: 45.8 ± 14.0 g/day; P = 0.02) and tended to increase the respiratory quotient (daytime snacking: 0.878 ± 0.022; nighttime snacking: 0.888 ± 0.021; P = 0.09). The frequency of snack intake and energy intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were not affected. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol significantly increased after nighttime snacking (152 ± 26 mg/dl and 161 ± 29 mg/dl; P = 0.03 and 76 ± 20 mg/dl and 83 ± 24 mg/dl; P = 0.01, respectively), but glucose and insulin levels after the glucose load were not affected. Nighttime snacking increased total and LDL cholesterol and reduced fat oxidation, suggesting that eating at night changes fat metabolism and increases the risk of obesity.

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