Adipose tissue thickness affects in vivo quantitative near-IR spectroscopy in human skeletal muscle

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. P. VAN BEEKVELT ◽  
M. S. BORGHUIS ◽  
B. G. M. VAN ENGELEN ◽  
R. A. WEVERS ◽  
W. N. J. M. COLIER
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Near Ir

The influence of adipose tissue thickness (ATT) on near-IR spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements in vivo was studied in the human flexor digitorum superficialis muscle at rest and during sustained isometric handgrip exercise. NIRS was used for the quantitative measurement of muscle O2 consumption (mVo2) and forearm blood flow (FBF) in 78 healthy subjects. Skinfold thickness ranged from 1.4 to 8.9 mm within the group. Resting mVo2 was 0.11±0.04 ml of O2 min-1 100 g-1, and FBF was 1.28±0.82 ml min-1 100 ml-1. There was a negative correlation (r =-0.70, P ≤ 0.01), indicating a decrease in mVo2 with increasing ATT. mVo2 in the 10 leanest subjects appeared to be twice as high as that in the 10 subjects with the highest ATT. A poor correlation (r = 0.29, P ≤ 0.01) was found between ATT and FBF. The gender difference that we found for mVo2 was due to the difference in ATT between female and male subjects. No correlation was found between maximum voluntary contraction and mVo2, nor between maximum voluntary contraction and ATT, indicating that the contraction force did not confound our results. These results show that ATT has a substantial confounding influence on in vivo NIRS measurements, and that it is essential to incorporate this factor into future NIRS muscle studies in order to justify comparisons between different groups. To facilitate such comparisons, upper and lower boundaries for normal values of mVo2 and FBF in relation to ATT are presented.

Adipose tissue thickness affects in vivo quantitative near-IR spectroscopy in human skeletal muscle

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C.P. VAN BEEKVELT ◽  
M.S. BORGHUIS ◽  
B.G.M. VAN ENGELEN ◽  
R.A. WEVERS ◽  
W.N.J.M. COLIER
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Near Ir

scholarly journals Long-Term Microgravity Effects on Isometric Handgrip and Precision Pinch Force with Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ilario Puglia ◽  
Michele Balsamo ◽  
Marco Vukich ◽  
Valfredo Zolesi
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Space Flights ◽  
Pinch Force ◽  
Long Duration

The study and analysis of human physiology during short- and long-duration space flights are the most valuable approach in order to evaluate the effect of microgravity on the human body and to develop possible countermeasures in prevision of future exploratory missions and Mars expeditions. Hand performances such as force output and manipulation capacity are fundamental for astronauts’ intra- and extravehicular activities. Previous studies on upper limb conducted on astronauts during short-term missions (10 days) indicated a temporary partial reduction in the handgrip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by a prompt recovery and adaptation to weightlessness during the last days of the mission. In the present study, we report on the “Crew’s Health: Investigation on Reduced Operability” (CHIRO) protocol, developed for handgrip and pinch force investigations, performed during the six months increment 7 and increment 8 (2003-2004) onboard International Space Station (ISS). We found that handgrip and pinch force performance are reduced during long-term increments in space and are not followed by adaptation during the mission, as conversely reported during short-term increment experiments. The application of protocols developed in space will be eligible to astronauts during long-term space missions and to patients affected by muscle atrophy diseases or nervous system injury on Earth.

A Mechanical Model Representation of the In Vivo Behaviour of Bulk Tissue

Volume 2 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Aritan ◽  
S. Olutunde Oyadiji ◽  
Roger M. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Creep Response ◽  
In Series ◽  
Bulk Tissue

The aim of this study was to characterise the bulk modulus properties of the upper arm under relaxed and controlled contraction which is defined as 25% of the maximum voluntary contraction. A new testing machine was designed to generate constant load on the upper arm and measure the deformation over time. The machine consists of a device which is effectively a cuff that applies controllable pressure on a 47 mm wide band of the upper arm. Six different loads (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kgf) were applied over a period of time of up to a maximum of 120 seconds. The deflection-time curves obtained show strongly non-linear response of the bulk tissue. The non-linearity manifested by these deflection-time curves is in terms of both time- and load-dependency. For each load, the creep behaviour follows an exponential law typical of viscoelastic materials. At low loads (below 30kgf), the creep response increases fairly linearly as the load is increased from 10 kgf to 30 kgf. But at high loads (above 30 kgf), the creep response increases only slightly as the load is increased from 30 kgf to 60 kgf. Beyond a load of 60 kgf, the deflection or creep becomes negligible. This implies that the upper arm has reached the state of incompressibility. The creep behaviour of the upper arm was simulated using four Voigt viscoelastic models in series. The three obvious soft tissues of the upper arm, namely skin, fat and muscle, were modelled in series. The effects of blood vessels and connective tissue were also modelled in series with the other tissues.

Development of a non-invasive LED based device for adipose tissue thickness measurements in vivo

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Volceka ◽  
D. Jakovels ◽  
Z. Arina ◽  
J. Zaharans ◽  
E. Kviesis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Thickness Measurements

scholarly journals Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation at rest and during isometric exercise in type 2 diabetes patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (7) ◽  
pp. H681-H687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauro C. Vianna ◽  
Shekhar H. Deo ◽  
Areum K. Jensen ◽  
Seth W. Holwerda ◽  
Matthew C. Zimmerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cerebral Autoregulation ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2D) have elevated risk of stroke, suggesting that cerebrovascular function is impaired. Herein, we examined dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) at rest and during exercise in T2D patients and determined whether underlying systemic oxidative stress is associated with impairments in CA. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and arterial blood pressure (BP) were measured at rest and during 2-min bouts of low- and high-intensity isometric handgrip performed at 20% and 40% maximum voluntary contraction, respectively, in seven normotensive and eight hypertensive T2D patients and eight healthy controls. Dynamic CA was estimated using the rate of regulation (RoR). Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide levels were measured at rest. There were no differences in RoR at rest or during exercise between normotensive and hypertensive T2D patients. However, when compared with controls, T2D patients exhibited lower RoR at rest and during low-intensity handgrip indicating impaired dynamic CA. Moreover, the RoR was further reduced by 29 ± 4% during high-intensity handgrip in T2D patients (0.307 ± 0.012/s rest vs. 0.220 ± 0.014/s high intensity; P < 0.01), although well maintained in controls. T2D patients demonstrated greater baseline total ROS and superoxide compared with controls, both of which were negatively related to RoR during handgrip (e.g., total ROS: r = −0.71, P < 0.05; 40% maximum voluntary contraction). Collectively, these data demonstrate impaired dynamic CA at rest and during isometric handgrip in T2D patients, which may be, in part, related to greater underlying systemic oxidative stress. Additionally, dynamic CA is blunted further with high intensity isometric contractions potentially placing T2D patients at greater risk for cerebral events during such activities.

Cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1586-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Taylor ◽  
J. M. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Kosiba ◽  
C. M. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Cutaneous vascular responses to dynamic exercise have been well characterized, but it is not known whether that response pattern applies to isometric handgrip exercise. We examined cutaneous vascular responses to isometric handgrip and dynamic leg exercise in five supine men. Skin blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler velocimetry and expressed as laser-Doppler flow (LDF). Arterial blood pressure was measured noninvasively once each minute. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure. LDF and CVC responses were measured at the forearm and chest during two 3-min periods of isometric handgrip at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction and expressed as percent changes from the preexercise levels. The skin was normothermic (32 degrees C) for the first period of handgrip and was locally warmed to 39 degrees C for the second handgrip. Finally, responses were observed during 5 min of dynamic two-leg bicycle exercise (150–175 W) at a local skin temperature of 39 degrees C. Arm LDF increased 24.5 +/- 18.9% during isometric handgrip in normothermia and 64.8 +/- 14.1% during isometric handgrip at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Arm CVC did not significantly change at 32 degrees C but significantly increased 18.1 +/- 6.5% during isometric handgrip at 39 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Arm LDF decreased 12.2 +/- 7.9% during dynamic exercise at 39 degrees C, whereas arm CVC fell by 35.3 +/- 4.6% (in each case P less than 0.05). Chest LDF and CVC showed similar responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence E. Ryan ◽  
Melissa L. Erickson ◽  
Jared T. Brizendine ◽  
Hui-Ju Young ◽  
Kevin K. McCully
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Mitochondrial Capacity

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-known method used to measure muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics in vivo. The application of arterial occlusions allows for the assessment of muscle oxygen consumption (mV̇o2) using NIRS. The aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals that represent oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (HHb). We also assessed the reliability and reproducibility of NIRS measurements of resting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial capacity. Twenty-four subjects, including four with chronic spinal cord injury, were tested using either the vastus lateralis or gastrocnemius muscles. Ten healthy, able-bodied subjects were tested on two occasions within a period of 7 days to assess the reliability and reproducibility. NIRS signals were corrected for blood volume changes using three different methods. Resting oxygen consumption had a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.4% (range 1–32%). The recovery of oxygen consumption (mV̇o2) after electrical stimulation at 4 Hz was fit to an exponential curve, which represents mitochondrial capacity. The time constant for the recovery of mV̇o2was reproducible with a mean CV of 10% (range 1–22%) only when correcting for blood volume changes. We also examined the effects of adipose tissue thickness on measurements of mV̇o2. We found the mV̇o2measurements using absolute units to be influenced by adipose tissue thickness (ATT), and this relationship was removed when an ischemic calibration was performed, supporting its use to compare mV̇o2between individuals of varying ATT. In conclusion, in vivo oxidative capacity can be assessed using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility.

scholarly journals Detrimental Effects of Effortful Physical Exertion on Cognitive Control in Younger and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Azer ◽  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Hyung-Bum Park ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Motor Actions

Research assessing the effects of age on physical actions and cognitive processes is often conducted in isolation. However, action and cognition often interact in daily functions and deteriorate with age. Therefore, assessing how motor actions affect core cognitive abilities and how age amplifies these effects is pivotal. The present study tested the effects of effortful physical exertion (isometric handgrip) on working memory (WM) and inhibitory control in young and older adults. Using a novel dual-task paradigm, participants engaged in a WM task with 0 or 5-distractors under concurrent physical exertion (5% vs 30% individual maximum voluntary contraction, MVC). Given our previous understanding that high physical exertion impairs inhibitory control, we hypothesized 1) inhibitory control of access to WM will be compromised under high physical exertion and 2) this effect will be amplified by age. Effortful physical exertion, although failed to affect WM accuracy with 0-distractors present for both age groups, reduced WM accuracy for the older, but not young adults, with 5-distractors present. Similarly, older adults experienced greater distractor interference with 5-distractors present under high physical exertion, indexed by slower reaction time (RT), confirmed by hierarchical Bayesian modeling of RT distributions. Our findings that a simple but effortful physical task may result in impaired cognitive control may be empirically important for understanding everyday functions of older adults. Reduced inhibitory control and physical abilities may pose a problem for older adults as the negative interactions between cognitive and motor tasks may impair daily functions and possibly increase the risk of injury.

scholarly journals Detrimental Effects of Effortful Physical Exertion on Cognitive Control in Younger and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Azer ◽  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Hyung-Bum Park ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Motor Actions

Research assessing the effects of age on physical actions and cognitive processes is often conducted in isolation. However, action and cognition often interact in daily functions and deteriorate with age. Therefore, assessing how motor actions affect core cognitive abilities and how age amplifies these effects is pivotal. The present study tested the effects of effortful physical exertion (isometric handgrip) on working memory (WM) and inhibitory control in young and older adults. Using a novel dual-task paradigm, participants engaged in a WM task with 0 or 5-distractors under concurrent physical exertion (5% vs 30% individual maximum voluntary contraction, MVC). Given our previous understanding that high physical exertion impairs inhibitory control, we hypothesized 1) inhibitory control of access to WM will be compromised under high physical exertion and 2) this effect will be amplified by age. Effortful physical exertion, although failed to affect WM accuracy with 0-distractors present for both age groups, reduced WM accuracy for the older, but not young adults, with 5-distractors present. Similarly, older adults experienced greater distractor interference with 5-distractors present under high physical exertion, indexed by slower reaction time (RT), confirmed by hierarchical Bayesian modeling of RT distributions. Our findings that a simple but effortful physical task may result in impaired cognitive control may be empirically important for understanding everyday functions of older adults. Reduced inhibitory control and physical abilities may pose a problem for older adults as the negative interactions between cognitive and motor tasks may impair daily functions and possibly increase the risk of injury.

APONEUROSIS LENGTH AND FASCICLE INSERTION ANGLES OF THE BICEPS BRACHII

2002 ◽  
Vol 02 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEANNA S. ASAKAWA ◽  
GEORGE P. PAPPAS ◽  
JOHN E. DRACE ◽  
SCOTT L. DELP
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Distal Biceps ◽  
Distal Muscle ◽  
Biceps Brachii Tendon ◽  
Long Head

Magnetic resonance images and ultrasound images were used to examine the architecture of the distal biceps brachii muscle in 12 unimpaired subjects. The distal biceps brachii tendon continued as an internal aponeurosis that spanned 34± 4% of the length of the biceps brachii long head muscle on average. The distal muscle fascicles inserted at angles to this aponeurosis; fascicles anterior to the aponeurosis inserted at a significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) angle (17°) than the fascicles posterior to the aponeurosis (14°) in the distal 2 cm of muscle when the elbow was extended. Mean fascicle insertion angles were on average 3–4° greater with the elbow flexed 90° against a 5% maximum voluntary contraction load as compared to their values with the elbow extended. These data provide the basis for designing experiments to measure muscle and tendon motion in vivo.

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