What is the Blood Flow to Resting Human Muscle?

1993 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elia ◽  
A. Kurpad
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
133Xe Clearance ◽  
Forearm Skin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Clearance Technique

1. An investigation was carried out in five healthy lean adults to assess whether forearm and calf plethysmography largely reflect muscle blood flow as measured by 133Xe and whether there is substantial variability in the blood flow to muscles located at different sites in the body. 2. Blood flow to forearm and calf flexors and extensors, biceps, triceps and quadriceps was assessed using the 133Xe clearance technique. Blood flow to forearm skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue was also measured using the 133Xe clearance technique, whereas blood flow to the forearm and calf was measured using strain gauge plethysmography. 3. The mean blood flow to different muscles ranged from 1.4 ± 0.6 (gastrocnemius) to 1.8 ± 0.7 (forearm extensor) ml min−1 100 g−1 muscle (1.4 ± 0.6 and 1.9 ± 0.8 ml min−1 100 ml−1 muscle, respectively) but there were no significant differences between them. Forearm and calf blood flows (2.7 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.7 ml min−1 100 ml−1 limb tissue, respectively) were about 50% to more than 100% greater (P <0.025) than blood flow to the muscles within them (1.7 ± 0.5 and 1.4 ± 0.5ml min−1 100g−1 muscle, respectively, or 1.8 ± 0.6 and 1.5 ± 0.5 ml min−1 100 ml−1 muscle, respectively). In contrast, the blood flows to 100 g of forearm skin (9.1 ± 2.6 ml min−1 100 g−1) and adipose tissue (3.8 ± 1.1 ml min−1 100 g−1) were higher than the blood flow to 100 g of forearm (P <0.01 and not significant, respectively). 4. Although several possibilities can explain the discrepancy between muscle blood flow measured by 133Xe and blood flow to the distal limbs measured by plethysmography, the results suggest that non-muscular blood flow, especially that to skin, is substantially greater than muscular blood flow. Indeed, the overall blood flow to the forearm could be accounted for by summation of blood flows to individual constituent tissues, which were assumed to be present in proportions typical of lean subjects. The results have important implications in the use of arteriovenous catheterization studies for assessing flux of oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolites across muscle.

Blood flow in exercising muscles by xenon clearance and by microsphere trapping

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cerretelli ◽  
C. Marconi ◽  
D. Pendergast ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
N. Heisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
133Xe Clearance ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Trapping Methods ◽  
Xenon Clearance ◽  
The Mean

The accuracy of muscle blood flow measurement by the 133Xe clearance method (QXe) was assessed against direct venous outflow (Qv) and microsphere trapping flow (Q mu) determinations in isolated perfused dog gastrocnemius both at rest and during graded stimulation [O2 consumption (VO2) up to 12 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1] and in the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and triceps of intact dogs at rest and while running on a treadmill at varied speeds up to maximum VO2. In 29 measurements performed in 11 isolated muscles, Q mu was in good agreement with Qv at rest and at all stimulation levels (Q mu/Qv = 1.0; r = 0.98). 133Xe clearance yielded much lower blood flows than the venous outflow and the microsphere trapping methods. In 43 measurements in 11 muscles, the mean QXe/Qv ratio was 0.57 +/- 0.03 (SE), independent of blood flow. Similarly, in 65 measurements in 2 intact dogs, the mean QXe/Q mu ratio in all tested muscles was 0.49 +/- 0.02 (SE), independent of blood flow. These results show that the 133Xe clearance method considerably underestimates blood flow in dog muscles.

scholarly journals Total Forearm Blood Flow as an Indicator of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow: Effect of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Blood Flow

1994 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Blaak ◽  
M. A. van Baak ◽  
G. J. Kemerink ◽  
M. T. W. Pakbiers ◽  
G. A. K. Heidendal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

1. In studying forearm skeletal muscle substrate exchange, an often applied method for estimating skeletal muscle blood flow is strain gauge plethysmography. A disadvantage of this method is that it only measures total blood flow through a segment of forearm and not the flow through the individual parts such as skin, adipose tissue and muscle. 2. In the present study the contribution of forearm subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow to total forearm blood flow was evaluated in lean (% body fat 17.0 ± 2.2) and obese males (% body fat 30.9 ± 1.6) during rest and during infusion of the non-selective β-agonist isoprenaline. Measurements were obtained of body composition (hydrostatic weighing), forearm composition (magnetic resonance imaging) and of total forearm (venous occlusion plethysmography), skin (skin blood flow, laser Doppler), and subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (133Xe washout technique). 3. The absolute forearm area and the relative amount of fat (% of forearm area) were significantly higher in obese as compared to lean subjects, whereas the relative amounts of muscle and skin were similar. 4. During rest, the percentage contribution of adipose tissue blood flow to total forearm blood flow was significantly higher in lean compared with obese subjects (19 vs 12%, P < 0.05), whereas there were no differences in percentage contribution between both groups during isoprenaline infusion (10 vs 13%). Furthermore, the contribution of adipose tissue blood flow to total forearm blood flow was significantly lower during isoprenaline infusion than during rest in lean subjects (P < 0.05), whereas in the obese this value was similar during rest and during isoprenaline infusion. 5. In conclusion, although the overall contribution of adipose tissue blood flow to total forearm blood flow seems to be relatively small, the significance of this contribution may vary with degree of adiposity. Calculations on the contribution of adipose tissue blood flow and SBF to total forearm blood flow indicate that the contribution of non-muscular flow to total forearm blood flow may be of considerable importance and may amount in lean subjects to 35–50% of total forearm blood flow in the resting state.

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle blood flow during mental stress

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. E12-E18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Linde ◽  
P. Hjemdahl ◽  
U. Freyschuss ◽  
A. Juhlin-Dannfelt
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Beta Blockade ◽  
133Xe Clearance ◽  
Arterial Plasma

Mental stress [a modified Stroop color word conflict test (CWT)] increased adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF; 133Xe clearance) by 70% and reduced adipose tissue vascular resistance (ATR) by 25% in healthy male volunteers. The vasculatures of adipose tissue (abdomen as well as thigh), skeletal muscle of the calf (133Xe clearance), and the entire calf (venous occlusion plethysmography) responded similarly. Arterial epinephrine (Epi) and glycerol levels were approximately doubled by stress. beta-Blockade by metoprolol (beta 1-selective) or propranolol (nonselective) attenuated CWT-induced tachycardia similarly. Metoprolol attenuated stress-induced vasodilation in the calf and tended to do so in adipose tissue. Propranolol abolished vasodilation in the calf and resulted in vasoconstriction during CWT in adipose tissue. Decreases in ATR, but not in skeletal muscle or calf vascular resistances, were correlated to increases in arterial plasma glycerol (r = -0.42, P less than 0.05), whereas decreases in skeletal muscle and calf vascular resistances, but not in ATR, were correlated to increases in arterial Epi levels (r = -0.69, P less than 0.01; and r = -0.43, P less than 0.05, respectively). The results suggest that mental stress increases nutritive blood flow in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle considerably, both through the elevation of perfusion pressure and via vasodilatation. Withdrawal of vasoconstrictor nerve activity, vascular beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation by circulating Epi, and metabolic mechanisms (in adipose tissue) may contribute to the vasodilatation.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

Effect of body condition at calving on tissue mobilization, development of fatty liver and blood chemistry of dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Reid ◽  
C. J. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Treacher ◽  
L. A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Isolated Adipocytes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed with two groups of nine British Friesian cows to compare the effect of calving in fat or thin condition on (1) the mobilization and functional activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue, (2) the mobilization of skeletal muscle, (3) the development and resolution of fatty infiltration of the liver and (4) the chemistry and haematology of blood. Sampling was performed at various times during the dry period and subsequent lactation. There were no differences between groups in the amount of adipose tissue mobilized between 4 weeks before and 26 weeks after calving. The lipogenic and lipolytic capacities of isolated adipocytes were also not different between groups at any time although major changes occurred in both over the calving period and during early lactation. Acetate oxidation to carbon dioxide was higher in adipocytes isolated from thin cows particularly after calving. More muscle fibre area was lost in the fat cows compared with the thin cows between 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after calving and the fat cows had greater infiltration of fat in the liver at 1 and 4 weeks after calving than the thin cows. The mean white-cell count was lower and the packed-cell volume was higher in the fat cows than in the thin cows at 1 week after calving. The major differences between groups in blood composition were increased concentrations of copper, non-esterified fatty acids, bilirubin and enzymes such as ornithine carbamyl transferase in the fat cows after calving. These results suggest that fat and thin cows respond differently to the metabolic demands of early lactation and that some of these differences render fat cows more susceptible to disease.

Distribution of blood flow in muscles of miniature swine during exercise

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1285-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Armstrong ◽  
M. D. Delp ◽  
E. F. Goljan ◽  
M. H. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

The purpose of this study was to determine how the distribution of blood flow within and among the skeletal muscles of miniature swine (22 +/- 1 kg body wt) varies as a function of treadmill speed. Radiolabeled microspheres were used to measure cardiac output (Q) and tissue blood flows in preexercise and at 3–5 min of treadmill exercise at 4.8, 8.0, 11.3, 14.5, and 17.7 km/h. All pigs (n = 8) attained maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) (60 +/- 4 ml X min-1 X kg-1) by the time they ran at 17.7 km/h. At VO2max, 87% of Q (9.9 +/- 0.5 l/min) was to skeletal muscle, which constituted 36 +/- 1% of body mass. Average total muscle blood flow at VO2max was 127 +/- 14 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1; average limb muscle flow was 135 +/- 17 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1. Within the limb muscles, blood flow was distributed so that the deep red parts of extensor muscles had flows about two times higher than the more superficial white portions of the same muscles; the highest muscle blood flows occurred in the elbow flexors (brachialis: 290 +/- 44 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1). Peak exercise blood flows in the limb muscles were proportional (P less than 0.05) to the succinate dehydrogenase activities (r = 0.84), capillary densities (r = 0.78), and populations of oxidative (slow-twitch oxidative + fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic) fiber types (r = 0.93) in the muscles. Total muscle blood flow plotted as a function of exercise intensity did not peak until the pigs attained VO2max, although flows in some individual muscles showed a plateau in this relationship at submaximal exercise intensities. The data demonstrate that blood flow in skeletal muscles of miniature swine is distributed heterogeneously and varies in relation to fiber type composition and exercise intensity.

Costal vs. crural diaphragmatic blood flow during submaximal and near-maximal exercise in ponies

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1514-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Manohar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Intercostal Muscle ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Crural Diaphragm

The present study was carried out 1) to compare blood flow in the costal and crural regions of the equine diaphragm during quiet breathing at rest and during graded exercise and 2) to determine the fraction of cardiac output needed to perfuse the diaphragm during near-maximal exercise. By the use of radionuclide-labeled 15-micron-diam microspheres injected into the left atrium, diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle blood flow was studied in 10 healthy ponies at rest and during three levels of exercise (moderate: 12 mph, heavy: 15 mph, and near-maximal: 19-20 mph) performed on a treadmill. At rest, in eucapnic ponies, costal (13 +/- 3 ml.min-1.100 g-1) and crural (13 +/- 2 ml.min-1.100 g-1) phrenic blood flows were similar, but the costal diaphragm received a much larger percentage of cardiac output (0.51 +/- 0.12% vs. 0.15 +/- 0.03% for crural diaphragm). Intercostal muscle perfusion at rest was significantly less than in either phrenic region. Graded exercise resulted in significant progressive increments in perfusion to these tissues. Although during exercise, crural diaphragmatic blood flow was not different from intercostal muscle blood flow, these values remained significantly less (P less than 0.01) than in the costal diaphragm. At moderate, heavy, and near-maximal exercise, costal diaphragmatic blood flow (123 +/- 12, 190 +/- 12, and 245 +/- 18 ml.min-1.100 g-1) was 143%, 162%, and 162%, respectively, of that for the crural diaphragm (86 +/- 10, 117 +/- 8, and 151 +/- 14 ml.min-1.100 g-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Regional circulatory responses to hypocapnia and hypercapnia in bar-headed geese

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. R499-R504 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Faraci ◽  
M. R. Fedde
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Flow Reduction ◽  
Extreme Altitude ◽  
Anser Indicus ◽  
O2 Delivery

To investigate mechanisms that may allow birds to tolerate extreme high altitude (hypocapnic hypoxia), we examined the effects of severe hypocapnia and moderate hypercapnia on regional blood flow in bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), a species that flies at altitudes up to 9,000 m. Cerebral, coronary, and pectoral muscle blood flows were measured using radioactive microspheres, while arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) was varied from 7 to 62 Torr in awake normoxic birds. Arterial blood pressure was not affected by hypocapnia but increased slightly during hypercapnia. Heart rate did not change during alterations in PaCO2. Severe hypocapnia did not significantly alter cerebral, coronary, or pectoral muscle blood flow. Hypercapnia markedly increased cerebral and coronary blood flow, but pectoral muscle blood flow was unaffected. The lack of a blood flow reduction during severe hypocapnia may represent an important adaptation in these birds, enabling them to increase O2 delivery to the heart and brain at extreme altitude despite the presence of a very low PaCO2.

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