Determination of Human Leg Blood Flow: A Thermodilution Technique Based on Femoral Venous Bolus Injection

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jorfeldt ◽  
A. Juhlin-Dannfelt ◽  
B. Pernow ◽  
E. Wassén
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Thermodilution Technique ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Single Determination ◽  
Calf Pain

1. A thermodilution method was developed for the determination of human leg blood flow. The method is based on bolus injection of an indicator distally into the femoral vein, at room temperature, and recording of the dilution curve in the same vessel at the level of the inguinal ligament. The blood flow was computed automatically with two thermistors and an integrator. 2. The leg blood flow determined by this method at rest and during exercise at work loads of 50, 100 and 150 W in six healthy subjects was found to agree closely with measurements by an intraarterial indicator-dilution technique. A linear relationship was found between leg blood flow and work. The reproducibility of the blood flow determinations, expressed as the coefficient of variation for a single determination, was 12·9 at rest and 5·3 or less during exercise. 3. The method was used in two patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg. Extremely low leg blood flows were found in these patients when they were forced to interrupt the exercise by severe calf pain.

Determination of Leg Blood Flow During Exercise in Man: An Indicator-Dilution Technique Based on Femoral Venous Dye Infusion

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wahren ◽  
L. Jorfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Indicator Dilution ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Indicator Dilution Technique

1. A dye-dilution method has been developed for the determination of leg blood flow in man. The method is based on the infusion of indicator into the distal part of the femoral vein with blood sampling from the same vein at the level of the inguinal ligament. Catheterization of the femoral artery is not required. Evidence of adequate mixing of dye and blood is presented, based on the finding of the same dye concentration in samples from two different levels in the femoral vein. 2. Leg blood flow measured by this technique at rest and during exercise in six healthy subjects was found to agree closely with simultaneous determinations with an intra-arterial indicator-dilution technique. The reproducibility of the blood-flow measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation for a single determination, was 9·8%. 3. A routine procedure is suggested for leg blood-flow determination based on femoral venous dye infusion. Using this procedure, leg blood flow was measured in twelve healthy subjects at rest and during exercise at work loads of 100, 200, 400 and 600 kpm/min. A linear relationship was found between leg blood flow and pulmonary oxygen uptake. 4. The applicability of this method to the study of patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg is illustrated by findings in two patients before and after vascular reconstruction.

Leg Blood Flow and Muscle Metabolism in Occlusive Arterial Disease of the Leg before and after Reconstructive Surgery

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pernow ◽  
B. Saltin ◽  
J. Wahren ◽  
R. Cronestrand ◽  
S. Ekeström
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Occlusive Arterial Disease

1. Leg blood flow, uptake of oxygen and glucose and release of lactate by the leg and changes in intramuscular concentrations of metabolites were studied at rest and during exercise of increasing work loads in thirteen patients with occlusive disease of the iliac or superficial femoral arteries. 2. Leg blood flow (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen uptake during exercise were low and levelled with increasing work load. Considerable increases were noted in muscle lactate concentration and in the net release of lactate from the exercising leg. Muscle content (needle-biopsy technique) of ATP and creatine phosphate decreased during exercise, with an almost complete depletion of creatine phosphate in three patients. The decrease in muscle glycogen during work did not differ significantly from that of control subjects. 3. Repeated exercise after reconstructive surgery showed a considerable improvement in physical working capacity. Leg blood flow and oxygen uptake during exercise were significantly higher than before surgery and increased linearly in relation to work intensity. The decrease in creatine phosphate and lactate concentration of the thigh muscle during exercise was less pronounced and the release of lactate was lower than before vascular reconstruction. 4. It is suggested that the onset of the severe muscle symptoms during exercise in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg may be related to a low concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the affected muscles.

Gastric blood flow determination: intramural distribution and arteriovenous shunting of microspheres

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. G468-G479
Author(s):  
J. E. Varhaug ◽  
K. Svanes ◽  
C. Svanes ◽  
J. Lekven
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Gastric Blood Flow ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Arteriovenous Shunting ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Total Blood Flow

Total and regional gastric blood flows were measured in 23 anesthetized cats by labeled 10-micron (range 8-12 microns) and 15-micron (range 12-20 microns) microspheres. Total blood flow correlated closely with the gastric venous outflow. Flow estimates by 10-microns spheres were 2.95% lower than simultaneous 15-micron estimates. Approximately 2% of the 10-micron spheres and 0.1% of the 15-micron spheres were shunted through the gastric vasculature. The diameter distribution of 6,245 embolized spheres, measured by microscopy, corresponded to that of the injectate, except for a lack of the smallest spheres. Within the mucosa, the 10-microns spheres predominantly lodged in the glandular layer, whereas larger spheres gradually lodged more basally; 50% of the 15-microns population appeared in the lamina propria below the gland bases. Vasodilation did not alter the intramucosal distribution. Spheres in the subglandular lamina propria represented blood flow mainly to the glandular layer. It is therefore essential for reliable estimation of blood flow to the glandular layer of the mucosa that the lamina propria is completely included in the specimens. The submucosa contained only 0.5% of the 10-microns and 2.2% of the 15-micron embolized spheres. Spheres of 10.5-17 microns in diameter are considered the most suitable for determination of gastric blood flow.

Airway blood flow response to eucapnic dry air hyperventilation in sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1443-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Parsons ◽  
P. D. Pare ◽  
D. A. White ◽  
E. M. Baile
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Dose Response Effect

Eucapnic hyperventilation, breathing dry air, produces a two- to fivefold increase in airway blood flow in the dog. To determine whether airway blood flow responds similarly in the sheep we studied 16 anesthetized sheep. Seven sheep (1–7) were subjected to two 30-min periods of eucapnic hyperventilation breathing 1) warm humid air [100% relative humidity (rh)] followed by 2) warm dry air [0% rh] at 40 breaths/min. To determine whether there was a dose-response effect on blood flow of increasing levels of hyperventilation of dry air, another nine sheep (8–16) were subjected to four 30-min periods of eucapnic hyperventilation breathing warm humid O2 followed by warm dry O2 at 20 or 40 breaths/min in random sequence. Five minutes before the end of each period of hyperventilation, hemodynamics, blood gases, and tracheal mucosal temperature were measured, and tracheal and bronchial blood flows were determined by injection of 15- or 50-micron-diam radiolabeled microspheres. After the last measurements had been made, all sheep were killed, and the lungs and trachea were removed for determination of blood flow to trachea, bronchi, and parenchyma. In sheep 1–7, warm dry air hyperventilation at 40 breaths/min produced an increase in blood flow to trachea (7.6 +/- 3.5 to 17.0 +/- 6.2 ml/min, P less than 0.05) and bronchi (9.0 +/- 5.4 to 18.2 +/- 8.2 ml/min, P less than 0.05) but not to the parenchyma. When blood flow was compared with the two ventilatory rates (sheep 8–16), tracheal blood flow increased (9.1 +/- 3.3 to 18.2 +/- 6.1 ml/min, P less than 0.05) at a rate of 40 breaths/min but not at 20 breaths/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Altering blood flow does not reveal differences between nitrogen and helium kinetics in brain or in skeletal miracle in sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Doolette ◽  
Richard N. Upton ◽  
Cliff Grant
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Compartmental Models ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Oxygen Breathing ◽  
Arterial Blood

In underwater diving, decompression schedules are based on compartmental models of nitrogen and helium tissue kinetics. However, these models are not based on direct measurements of nitrogen and helium kinetics. In isoflurane-anesthetized sheep, nitrogen and helium kinetics in the hind limb ( n = 5) and brain ( n = 5) were determined during helium-oxygen breathing and after return to nitrogen-oxygen breathing. Nitrogen and helium concentrations in arterial, femoral vein, and sagittal sinus blood samples were determined using headspace gas chromatography, and venous blood flows were monitored continuously using ultrasonic Doppler. The experiment was repeated at different states of hind limb blood flow and cerebral blood flow. Using arterial blood gas concentrations and blood flows as input, parameters and model selection criteria of various compartmental models of hind limb and brain were estimated by fitting to the observed venous gas concentrations. In both the hind limb and brain, nitrogen and helium kinetics were best fit by models with multiexponential kinetics. In the brain, there were no differences in nitrogen and helium kinetics. Hind limb models fit separately to the two gases indicated that nitrogen kinetics were slightly faster than helium, but models with the same kinetics for both gases fit the data well. In the hind limb and brain, the blood:tissue exchange of nitrogen is similar to that of helium. On the basis of these results, it is inappropriate to assign substantially different time constants for nitrogen and helium in all compartments in decompression algorithms.

Leg Blood Flow during Exercise in Man

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jorfeldt ◽  
J. Wahren
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Oxygen Difference

1. An indicator-dilution technique was used to determine human leg blood flow at rest and during exercise. The method is based on the infusion of Indocyanine Green into the femoral artery with blood sampling from the femoral vein at the level of the inguinal ligament. Evidence for mixing of dye and blood is presented, based on the finding of equal dye concentrations at two different sampling levels in the femoral vein. The minimum time of infusion required for equilibration at rest is 3 min and during exercise 1 min 20 s. 2. Leg blood flow was measured in eight healthy athletic subjects at rest and during upright exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 400, 800 and 1200 kpm/min. Linear relationships were found between blood flow on the one hand and work intensity and pulmonary oxygen uptake on the other. 3. Leg oxygen uptake was measured as the product of blood flow and femoral arterio-venous oxygen difference. Linear regressions were found for leg oxygen uptake in relation to both work intensity and pulmonary oxygen uptake. Leg mechanical efficiency during exercise averaged 34%. 4. A formula for the approximate calculation of leg blood flow is suggested, based on the pulmonary oxygen uptake and the femoral arterio-venous oxygen difference.

Impaired leg vasodilation during dynamic exercise in healthy older women

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 1963-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Proctor ◽  
Dennis W. Koch ◽  
Sean C. Newcomer ◽  
Khoi U. Le ◽  
Urs A. Leuenberger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Leg Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Leg Cycling ◽  
Exercise Induced

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that leg blood flow responses during leg cycle ergometry are reduced with age in healthy non-estrogen-replaced women. Thirteen younger (20-27 yr) and thirteen older (61-71 yr) normotensive, non-endurance-trained women performed both graded and constant-load bouts of leg cycling at the same absolute exercise intensities. Leg blood flow (femoral vein thermodilution), mean arterial pressure (MAP; radial artery), mean femoral venous pressure, cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing), and blood O2 contents were measured. Leg blood flow responses at light workloads (20-40 W) were similar in younger and older women. However, at moderate workloads (50-60 W), leg blood flow responses were significantly attenuated in older women. MAP was 20-25 mmHg higher ( P < 0.01) in the older women across all work intensities, and calculated leg vascular conductance (leg blood flow/estimated leg perfusion pressure) was lower ( P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in leg arteriovenous O2 difference and O2 extraction were identical between groups ( P > 0.6). Leg O2 uptake was tightly correlated with leg blood flow across all workloads in both subject groups ( r2 = 0.80). These results suggest the ability of healthy older women to undergo limb vasodilation in response to submaximal exercise is impaired and that the legs are a potentially important contributor to the augmented systemic vascular resistance seen during dynamic exercise in older women.

Effect of hyperoxia and hypoxia on leg blood flow and pulmonary and leg oxygen uptake at the onset of kicking exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen J MacDonald ◽  
Mark A Tarnopolsky ◽  
Richard L Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Hypoxic Condition ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Time ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Transitions ◽  
Echo Doppler Ultrasound

The purpose of this study was to examine the interactions of adaptations in O2 transport and utilization under conditions of altered arterial O2 content (CaO2), during rest to exercise transitions. Simultaneous measures of alveolar ([Formula: see text]O2alv) and leg ([Formula: see text]O2mus) oxygen uptake and leg blood flow (LBF) responses were obtained in normoxic (FiO2 (inspired fraction of O2) = 0.21), hypoxic (FiO2 = 0.14), and hyperoxic (FiO2 = 0.70) gas breathing conditions. Six healthy subjects performed transitions in leg kicking exercise from rest to 48 ± 3 W. LBF was measured continuously with pulsed and echo Doppler ultrasound methods, [Formula: see text]O2alv was measured breath-by-breath at the mouth and [Formula: see text]O2mus was determined from LBF and radial artery and femoral vein blood samples. Even though hypoxia reduced CaO2 to 175.9 ± 5.0 from 193.2 ± 5.0 mL/L in normoxia, and hyperoxia increased CaO2 to 205.5 ± 4.1 mL/L, there were no differences in the absolute values of [Formula: see text]O2alv or [Formula: see text]O2mus across gas conditions at any of the rest or exercise time points. A reduction in leg O2 delivery in hypoxia at the onset of exercise was compensated by a nonsignificant increase in O2 extraction and later by small increases in LBF to maintain [Formula: see text]O2mus. The dynamic response of [Formula: see text]O2alv was slower in the hypoxic condition; however, hyperoxia did not affect the responses of oxygen delivery or uptake at the onset of moderate intensity leg kicking exercise. The finding of similar [Formula: see text]O2mus responses at the onset of exercise for all gas conditions demonstrated that physiological adaptations in LBF and O2 extraction were possible, to counter significant alterations in CaO2. These results show the importance of the interplay between O2 supply and O2 utilization mechanisms in meeting the challenge provided by small alterations in O2 content at the onset of this submaximal exercise task.

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