Effects of Immersion in Water and Changes in Intrathoracic Blood Volume on Lung Function in Man

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
N. K. Burki
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Intrathoracic Blood Volume ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Compliance

1. In healthy, normal subjects simultaneous peripheral venous occlusion of all four limbs caused a small but significant increase in vital capacity (VC) and single-breath carbon monoxide transfer factor (DLCO) without significantly changing total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), pulmonary gas flow or pulmonary compliance. 2. Immersion in water to the neck resulted in a small but significant fall in VC, FEV1.0/FVC and TLC, and a rise in DLCO, but flow/volume curves and ‘closing volume’ were unchanged. Peripheral venous occlusion during immersion only significantly increased VC and DLCO; pulmonary compliance and flow/volume curves did not alter significantly. 3. It is concluded that peripheral venous occlusion produces these effects by altering intrathoracic blood volume. Water immersion reduces TLC, mainly from the hydrostatic pressure, and VC is reduced from both the hydrostatic pressure and the increase in intrathoracic blood volume consequent on immersion. The increase in DLCO is due, almost entirely, to the increase in intrathoracic blood volume.

FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ARMS AND LE6S IN PERIPHERAL VENOUS HYPERTENSION IN MAN

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Carriero ◽  
F Annoni ◽  
L Mussoni ◽  
C Cerletti ◽  
G de Gaetano
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Before And After

Spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of venous specimens Is greater In the arms than in the legs of normal subjects. This difference might be caused by the different hydrostatic pressure In arms and legs. We tested, on standard fibrin plates, the fibrinolytic activity of euglobulins prepared from venous blood obtained from arms and legs of normal subjects and patients with chronic peripheral hypertension. Normal subjects (26-38 yrs old, n=5) were tested both before and after 10 min venous occlusion (V0) of an arm and after 10 min occlusion of a leg. V0 was obtained by applying the cuff of a sphlgmomanometer at a pressure value Intermediate between systolic and diastolic pressure. Patients (39-64 yrs old, n=7) were tested both before and after V0 of the arm and after 10 min orthostatic posture (mean 100 mmHg). For each Individual the fibrinolytic activity In the arm before V0 was considered as basal value of both the arm and the leg. In normal subjects fibrinolytic activity Induced by V0 was greater In the arm than In the leg (262.9°74.9 versus 165.5°52.9 mm2). The average Increase of fibrinolytic activity after V0 was 3.4 (arms) and 2.1 (legs). In patients with peripheral venous hypertension fibrinolytic activity was 298.3°46.7 mm2 In the arm and 131.1 °19.2 mm2 In the leg. The average Increase Induced by VO In the arm was 3.5 while the activity of the legs after orthostatic pressure was 1.6. In conclusion patients with peripheral venous hypertension did not show any reduced fibrinolytic response after VO of the arms. Fibrinolytic activity in patients" legs after orthostatic pressure was also similar to that In the legs of volunteers after venous occlusion.

Comparison of the Effects of Water Immersion and Saline Infusion on Central Haemodynamics in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
R. Levinson ◽  
M. Epstein ◽  
M. A. Sackner ◽  
R. Begin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Saline Administration

1. The effects of acute intravenous infusion of 2 litres of saline/120 min on pulmonary capillary blood flow (Q̇c), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC) were compared with the changes induced by water immersion to the neck for 4 h. Serial measurements were made at 30 min intervals in five normal subjects, utilizing a non-invasive rebreathing method with a gas mixture containing 0·5% acetylene, 0·3% C180, 10% He, 21% O2 and 68·2% N2. 2. Infusion of saline produced a rise in Q̇c which was similar to that induced by immersion. This increment in Q̇c persisted for the 3 h of observation after stopping the infusion, in contrast to the prompt decrease in Q̇c to pre-study values after cessation of immersion. 3. DL/VA was unaffected by saline administration in contrast to the marked and prompt increment induced by immersion. 4. Pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume was unchanged during both saline administration and immersion, suggesting that neither gradual saline administration nor immersion induces major extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space. 5. The present data indicate that the ‘volume stimulus’ of immersion is similar to that of saline-induced extracellular fluid volume expansion in normal seated subjects. Immersion may be a preferred investigative approach for assessing the effects of volume expansion in subjects in whom rapid reversibility of the ‘volume stimulus’ is desirable.

Observations on Cardiac Output and ”Pulmonary Blood Volume” in Normal Man by External Recording of the Intracardiac Flow of 131I Labelled Albumin

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 353-379
Author(s):  
Jacques Lammerant ◽  
Norman Veall ◽  
Michel De Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Intracardiac Flow ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Mean Circulation

Summary1. The technique for the measurement of cardiac output by external recording of the intracardiac flow of 131I labelled human serum albumin has been extended to provide a measure of the mean circulation time from right to left heart and hence a new approach to the estimation of the pulmonary blood volume.2. Values for the basal cardiac output in normal subjects and its variations with age are in good agreement with the previously published data of other workers.3. The pulmonary blood volume in normal man in the basal state was found to be 28.2 ± 0.6% of the total blood volume.4. There was no correlation between cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume in a series of normal subjects in the basal state.5. The increase in cardiac output during digestion was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 6.3 ± 1.2% of the total blood volume, that is, about 280 ml.6. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 4.5 ± 1.0% of the total blood volume, that is, about 200 ml.7. The increase in cardiac output attributed to alarm is not associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume, the latter may in fact be increased.8. The total blood volume is advocated as a standard of reference for studies of this type in normal subjects in preference to body weight or surface area.9. The significance of these results and the validity of the method are discussed.

Pattern and mechanism of airway response to hypocapnia in normal subjects

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. O'Cain ◽  
M. J. Hensley ◽  
E. R. McFadden ◽  
R. H. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Mixture Density ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Airway Constriction ◽  
Maximal Expiratory Flow ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Expiratory Flow

We examined the bronchoconstriction produced by airway hypocapnia in normal subjects. Maximal expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity on partial expiratory flow-volume (PEFV) curves fell during hypocapnia both on air and on an 80% helium- 20% oxygen mixture. Density dependence also fell, suggesting predominantly small airway constriction. The changes seen on PEFV curves were not found on maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, indicating the inhalation to total lung capacity substantially reversed the constriction. Pretreatment with a beta-sympathomimetic agent blocked the response, whereas atropine pretreatment did not, suggesting that hypocapnia affects airway smooth muscle directly, not via cholinergic efferents.

Preload Index: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure Versus Intrathoracic Blood Volume Monitoring During Lung Transplantation

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Della Rocca ◽  
Gabriella M. Costa ◽  
Cecilia Coccia ◽  
Livia Pompei ◽  
Pierangelo Di Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Intrathoracic Blood Volume ◽  
Occlusion Pressure

A Study on the Distribution of Body Fluids after Rapid Saline Expansion in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Renal Insufficiency: Preferential Intravascular Deposition in Renal Failure

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik A. Koomans ◽  
Anton B. Geers ◽  
Peter Boer ◽  
Jan C. Roos ◽  
Evert J. Dorhout Mees
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Distribution Volume ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Severe Renal Failure ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Stage Renal Disease

1. The effect of rapid intravenous infusion of 25 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline)/kg body weight on extracellular fluid volume (ECFV, 82Br distribution volume), plasma volume (131I-labelled albumin distribution volume) and blood volume (from plasma volume and packed cell volume) was studied in nine normal subjects and a group of 11 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). 2. Immediately after the infusion, the increases in ECFV were equal in the two groups but the increases in plasma and blood volumes were significantly larger in the patients with ESRD. .3. Ninety minutes after the end of the infusion, the blood volume/ECFV ratio was significantly decreased from the control value in the normal subjects, but slightly increased in the patients with ESRD. 4. It is concluded that in severe renal failure the control of fluid distribution is changed in a way which leads to a preferential distribution of rapidly infused saline into the intravascular compartment.

Contribution of abdomen and legs to central blood volume expansion in humans during immersion

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bo Johansen ◽  
Thomas Ulrik Skram Jensen ◽  
Bettina Pump ◽  
Peter Norsk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Cuff Inflation ◽  
Central Blood Volume ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Blood Volume Expansion

Johansen, Lars Bo, Thomas Ulrik Skram Jensen, Bettina Pump, and Peter Norsk. Contribution of abdomen and legs to central blood volume expansion in humans during immersion. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 695–699, 1997.—The hypothesis was tested that the abdominal area constitutes an important reservoir for central blood volume expansion (CBVE) during water immersion in humans. Six men underwent 1) water immersion for 30 min (WI), 2) water immersion for 30 min with thigh cuff inflation (250 mmHg) during initial 15 min to exclude legs from contributing to CBVE (WI+Occl), and 3) a seated nonimmersed control with 15 min of thigh cuff inflation (Occl). Plasma protein concentration and hematocrit decreased from 68 ± 1 to 64 ± 1 g/l and from 46.7 ± 0.3 to 45.5 ± 0.4% ( P < 0.05), respectively, during WI but were unchanged during WI+Occl. Left atrial diameter increased from 27 ± 2 to 36 ± 1 mm ( P < 0.05) during WI and increased similarly during WI+Occl from 27 ± 2 to 35 ± 1 mm ( P < 0.05). Central venous pressure increased from −3.7 ± 1.0 to 10.4 ± 0.8 mmHg during WI ( P < 0.05) but only increased to 7.0 ± 0.8 mmHg during WI+Occl ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, the dilution of blood induced by WI to the neck is caused by fluid from the legs, whereas the CBVE is caused mainly by blood from the abdomen.

The Flow-Volume Loop in Normal Subjects and in Diffuse Lung Disease

CHEST Journal ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert D. Carilli ◽  
Lawrence J. Denson ◽  
Florence Rock ◽  
Servando Malabanan
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Diffuse Lung Disease ◽  
Flow Volume Loop ◽  
Diffuse Lung
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