The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1653-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Civiero ◽  
Susanna Cogo ◽  
Alice Biosa ◽  
Elisa Greggio
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Vesicle Transport ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.

scholarly journals Role of PPARγin the Differentiation and Function of Neurons

PPAR Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo A. Quintanilla ◽  
Elias Utreras ◽  
Fabián A. Cabezas-Opazo
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pain Regulation ◽  
Important Evidence

Neuronal processes (neurites and axons) have an important role in brain cells communication and, generally, they are damaged in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence has showed that the activation of PPARγpathway promoted neuronal differentiation and axon polarity. In addition, activation of PPARγusing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) prevented neurodegeneration by reducing neuronal death, improving mitochondrial function, and decreasing neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain. In this review, we will discuss important evidence that supports a possible role of PPARγin neuronal development, improvement of neuronal health, and pain signaling. Therefore, activation of PPARγis a potential target with therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative disorders, brain injury, and pain regulation.

scholarly journals Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7763
Author(s):  
Qi Liu ◽  
Shiying Li ◽  
Amandine Dupuy ◽  
Hoa le Mai ◽  
Nicolas Sailliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
New Biomarkers

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cells that contain a variety of biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They have been recognized as important mediators for long-distance cell-to-cell communication and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Exosomes have unique advantages, positioning them as highly effective drug delivery tools and providing a distinct means of delivering various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, as a new clinical diagnostic biomarker, exosomes play an important role in many aspects of human health and disease, including endocrinology, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the development of exosome-based drug delivery tools and the validation of novel biomarkers, and illustrate the role of exosomes as therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

Effects of neuronal drebrin on actin dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena E. Grintsevich
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Made In

Drebrin is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton in neuronal cells which is critical for synaptic plasticity, neuritogenesis, and neuronal migration. It is also known to orchestrate a cross-talk between actin and microtubules. Decreased level of drebrin is a hallmark of multiple neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Despite its established importance in health and disease, we still have a lot to learn about drebrin's interactome and its effects on cytoskeletal dynamics. This review aims to summarize the recently reported novel effects of drebrin on actin and its regulators. Here I will also reflect on the most recent progress made in understanding of the role of drebrin isoforms and posttranslational modifications on its functionality.

Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anita Shrivastava ◽  
Andrea Burianova
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Political Character ◽  
Different Sources

This interdisciplinary volume presents nineteen chapters by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing trade in the Roman Empire in the period c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army. The chapters in this volume address facets of the subject on the basis of widely different sources of evidence—historical, papyrological, and archaeological—and are grouped in three sections: institutional factors (taxation, legal structures, market regulation, financial institutions); evidence for long-distance trade within the Empire, in wood, stone, glass, and pottery; and trade beyond the frontiers, with the East (as far as China), India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Rome’s external trade with realms to the east emerges as being of particular significance to the fisc. But in the eastern part of the Empire at least, the state appears, in collaboration with the elite holders of wealth, to have adapted the mechanisms of taxation, both direct and indirect, to support its need for revenue. On the other hand, the price of that collaboration, which was in effect a fiscal partnership, in slightly different forms in East and West, in the longer term fundamentally changed the political character of the Empire.

scholarly journals Chromosome Instability, Aging and Brain Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1256
Author(s):  
Ivan Y. Iourov ◽  
Yuri B. Yurov ◽  
Svetlana G. Vorsanova ◽  
Sergei I. Kutsev
Keyword(s):  
Brain Aging ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Health And Disease

Chromosome instability (CIN) has been repeatedly associated with aging and progeroid phenotypes. Moreover, brain-specific CIN seems to be an important element of pathogenic cascades leading to neurodegeneration in late adulthood. Alternatively, CIN and aneuploidy (chromosomal loss/gain) syndromes exhibit accelerated aging phenotypes. Molecularly, cellular senescence, which seems to be mediated by CIN and aneuploidy, is likely to contribute to brain aging in health and disease. However, there is no consensus about the occurrence of CIN in the aging brain. As a result, the role of CIN/somatic aneuploidy in normal and pathological brain aging is a matter of debate. Still, taking into account the effects of CIN on cellular homeostasis, the possibility of involvement in brain aging is highly likely. More importantly, the CIN contribution to neuronal cell death may be responsible for neurodegeneration and the aging-related deterioration of the brain. The loss of CIN-affected neurons probably underlies the contradiction between reports addressing ontogenetic changes of karyotypes within the aged brain. In future studies, the combination of single-cell visualization and whole-genome techniques with systems biology methods would certainly define the intrinsic role of CIN in the aging of the normal and diseased brain.

scholarly journals The Role of Cell Metabolism in Innate Immune Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anaisa Valido Ferreira ◽  
Jorge Domiguéz-Andrés ◽  
Mihai Gheorghe Netea
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional changes that increase nonspecific responsiveness to subsequent infections. This phenomenon, coined <i>trained immunity</i> or <i>innate immune memory</i>, is based on the epigenetic reprogramming and the rewiring of intracellular metabolic pathways. Here, we review the different metabolic pathways that are modulated in trained immunity. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid, and lipid metabolism are interplaying pathways that are crucial for the establishment of innate immune memory. Unraveling this metabolic wiring allows for a better understanding of innate immune contribution to health and disease. These insights may open avenues for the development of future therapies that aim to harness or dampen the power of the innate immune response.

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