scholarly journals Mucins: the frontline defence of the lung

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1099-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Ridley ◽  
David J. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Lung Protection ◽  
Mucus Gel ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Obstructive Respiratory Disease

Mucus plays a vital role in protecting the lungs from environmental factors, but conversely, in muco-obstructive airway disease, mucus becomes pathologic. In its protective role, mucus entraps microbes and particles removing them from the lungs via the co-ordinated beating of motile cilia. This mechanism of lung defence is reliant upon a flowing mucus gel, and the major macromolecular components that determine the rheological properties of mucus are the polymeric mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B. These large O-linked glycoproteins have direct roles in maintaining lung homeostasis. MUC5B is essential for interaction with the ciliary clearance system and MUC5AC is up-regulated in response to allergic inflammatory challenge. Mucus with abnormal biophysical properties is a feature of muco-obstructive respiratory disease and can result from many different mechanisms including alterations in mucin polymer assembly, mucin concentration and the macromolecular form in mucus, as well as changes in airway surface hydration, pH and ion composition. The abnormal mucus results in defective lung protection via compromised ciliary clearance, leading to infection and inflammation.

scholarly journals Psychological State of Working and Non-Working Woman’s Child

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitali R. Tailor
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Indian Culture

Environmental factors play a vital role in the growth and development of a child. The contribution of Manu Smriti Granth towards Indian culture holds the importance, that believes man and woman to be two important pillars of society and owes the responsibility being parents. This says that parent has a superior role to play than to a teacher in child’s development. To stand with the time, women are now becoming career oriented. Cultural nourishment is now an alarming concern as both man and woman remains occupied with job/business.

scholarly journals Alkoholos májbetegség: a genetikai-epigenetikai tényezők szerepe és az absztinencia hatása

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (14) ◽  
pp. 524-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alajos Pár ◽  
Gabriella Pár
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Abstract: The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease depends not only on the toxic effects of alcohol, but also on the complex interaction of host’s and environmental factors. Thus, the genetic pre-disposition, co-morbidities and behavioral factors all play a role in the individual variations in the disease outcomes. On the other hand, the essential part of the therapeutic strategy is the complete withdrawal of the harmful etiological agent. The present paper is devoted to overview the genetics, the environmental factors and the effects of abstinence in alcoholic liver disease. Genetic variants in two enzymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol, alcohol-dehydrogenase ADH1B *2 and aldehyde-dehydrogenase ALDH2 *2 through increasing the blood level of acetaldehyde, may play a “protective” role against alcoholism. The P450 CYP2E1 *5 c2, an inducible microsomal oxidase, upregulated by ethanol and by formation of acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species, increases liver toxicity. Three novel gene polymorphisms – such as the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3 I148M C>G), the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2 E167K), and the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MB0AT7 rs641738 C>T) – have been proven as risk factors of steatosis, fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Alcohol-induced epigenetic effects, reversible but inheritable gene expression alterations – as histon modulations, DNA methylation and micro-RNA-s – are of importance in the pathogenesis as well, and in the future, they may serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Women are at greater risk of developing alcoholic cirrhosis, furthermore, malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hepatitis virus infections are also risk factors. Alcoholic liver disease should be regarded as a preventable disease. Several clinical studies revealed that abstinence may result in the regression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, compensation of cirrhosis, improving disease outcome and increasing survival even in patients with advanced stages. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary interventions are highly required to achieve long-term abstinence and to prevent alcoholic cirrhosis. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(14): 524–532.

scholarly journals Autophagy plays a protective role during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis via ROS–MAPK pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 580-591
Author(s):  
Lu Han ◽  
Qinmei Ma ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Zhaoqian Gong ◽  
Chenjie Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
The Impact

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection can induce alveolar macrophage apoptosis and autophagy, which play a vital role in eliminating pathogens. These two processes are usually not independent. Recently, autophagy has been found to interact with apoptosis during pathogen infections. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in P. aeruginosa-infected cell apoptosis is unclear. In this study, we explored the impact of P. aeruginosa infection on autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The autophagy activator rapamycin was used to stimulate autophagy and explore the role of autophagy on apoptosis in P. aeruginosa-infected RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that P. aeruginosa infection induced autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells, and that rapamycin could suppress P. aeruginosa-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, rapamycin scavenged the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 expression of MAPK pathways in RAW264.7 cells infected with P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, the promotion of autophagy decreased P. aeruginosa-induced ROS accumulation and further attenuated the apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells through MAPK pathway. These results provide novel insights into host–pathogen interactions and highlight a potential role of autophagy in eliminating P. aeruginosa.

Protective effects of fomepizole on 2-chloroethanol toxicity

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yng-Tay Chen ◽  
Jiunn-Wang Liao ◽  
Dong-Zong Hung
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Median Lethal Dose ◽  
Strong Interest

2-Chloroethanol (2-CE) is a widely used industrial solvent. In Taiwan, Taiwanese farmers apply 2-CE on grape-vines to accelerate grape growth, a practice that in some cases have caused poisoning in humans. Thus, there is strong interest in identifying antidotes to 2-CE. This study examines the protective role in 2-CE intoxicated rats. Alcohol dehydrogenase and glutathione were hypothesized to be important in the metabolism of 2-CE. This study used fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, and chemicals that affected glutathione metabolism to study 2-CE toxicity. Notably, fomepizole 5 mg/kg significantly increased median lethal dose (LD50) of 2-CE from 65.1 to 180 mg/kg and reduced the production of a potential toxic metabolite chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) in animal plasma. In contrast, disulfiram (DSF), an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased the toxicity of 2-CE on the lethality in rats. Additional or pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and fomepizole significantly reduced plasma CAA concentrations. Fomepizole also significantly reduced 2-CEinhibited glutathione activity. Otherwise, pretreatment with NAC for 4 days followed by co-treatment with fomepizole significantly decreased formation of the metabolic CAA. These results indicated that its catalytic enzyme might play a vital role during 2-CE intoxication, and the combination of fomepizole and NAC could be a protective role in cases of acute 2-CE intoxication.

Multivariate analysis of geographic covariance between phenotypes and environments in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from the Cook Inlet area, Alaska

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1497-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bourgeois ◽  
D. M. Blouw ◽  
J. P. Koenings ◽  
M. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Cook Inlet ◽  
Lake Productivity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Widely distributed freshwater populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus exhibit reduction in the bones of the pelvis and the numbers of lateral plates and dorsal spines. We investigated the relationship between skeletal reduction and the characteristics of the environments in which it occurs. A combination of environmental factors, including environmental ion composition – lake productivity, geographic position, opportunity for gene flow, and the presence of other fishes, is associated with skeletal reduction. The principal correlates of reduction in all skeletal traits are low concentrations of calcium, magnesium, silicon, H+, and reactive phosphorus. We hypothesize that the ion composition of lake water is the main selective agent promoting skeletal reduction in sticklebacks in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, and that other fishes and local gene flow may modify its extent. Our results show that a suite of skeletal traits responds in common to the interacting effects of at least three environmental factors (ion composition of lake water, presence of other fishes, local gene flow), and they emphasize that unitary explanations of the evolution of skeletal reduction are unlikely to be adequate.

scholarly journals A Protective Role for the Fifth Complement Component (C5) in Allergic Airway Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 173 (8) ◽  
pp. 852-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Drouin ◽  
Meenal Sinha ◽  
Georgia Sfyroera ◽  
John D. Lambris ◽  
Rick A. Wetsel
Keyword(s):  
Airway Disease ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Complement Component ◽  
Allergic Airway Disease

scholarly journals Betaine attenuates LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restores intestinal barrier function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingtao Wu ◽  
Caimei He ◽  
Jie Bu ◽  
Yue Luo ◽  
Shuyuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract Background：The intestinal epithelial barrier, which works as the first line of defense between the luminal environment and the host, once destroyed, it will cause serious inflammation or other intestinal diseases. Tight junctions (TJs) play a vital role to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the most important inflammatory factors will downregulate specific TJ proteins including Occludin and Claudin-1 and impair integrity of the epithelial barrier. Betaine has excellent anti-inflammatory activity but whether betaine has any effect on TJ proteins, particularly on LPS-induced dysfunction of epithelial barriers remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the pharmacological effect of betaine on improving intestinal barrier function represented by TJ proteins. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as an in vitro model. Results: The results demonstrated that betaine enhanced the expression of TJ proteins while LPS (1µg/mL) downregulates the expression of these proteins. Furthermore, betaine attenuates LPS-induced decreases of TJ proteins both shown by Western blot (WB) and Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The immunofluorescent images consistently revealed that LPS induced the disruption of TJ protein Claudin-1 and reduced its expression while betaine could reverse these alterations. Similar protective role of betaine on intestinal barrier function was observed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) approach. Conclusion: In conclusion, our research demonstrated that betaine attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restored the intestinal barrier function.

scholarly journals Determinants of EMNEs’ Entry Mode Decision with Environmental Volatility Issues: A Review and Research Agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Yameng Li ◽  
Ruosu Gao ◽  
Jingyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Entry Mode ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Entry Modes ◽  
Entry Mode Choice ◽  
Country Level

Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) play a vital role in global economic development and usually adopt aggressive internationalization strategies. However, the volatile global environment has caused EMNEs to face various risks in their overseas expansion. To maximize the competitive advantages and achieve successful expansion, EMNEs should choose the most suitable foreign entry mode. Therefore, EMNEs need to understand what environmental factors affect their decision-making and how they influence the choice of entry modes, especially in a volatile environment. This review examines 44 selected journal articles from 1996 to June 2021 on the environmental volatility determinants of EMNEs’ entry mode choice. The entry mode choice we examined is mainly wholly-owned subsidiary versus international joint venture. We categorized the environmental volatility determinants investigated in the literature we reviewed into country-level factors (such as cross-national distance) and industry-level factors (such as industry condition). The main contributions are: (1) the review reveals three research gaps in extant studies, which are lack of research on external environmental factors, lack of research on multinationals from less concerning emerging economies, and lack of research on small-to-medium (SMEs) enterprises. (2) Practically, the study highlights the importance of understanding external environmental factors for EMNEs to make the most suitable entry mode decisions.

scholarly journals Polysaccharide from angelica sinensis attenuates SNP-Induced Apoptosis in osteoarthritis Chondrocytes by Inducing Autophagy via ERK1/2 Pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Xu ◽  
Su Ni ◽  
Chao Zhuang ◽  
Chenkai Li ◽  
Gongyin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chondrocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Angelica Sinensis ◽  
Apoptotic Effect ◽  
Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Abstract Objective Chondrocyte apoptosis plays a vital role in osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), a traditional Chinese medicine, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in chondrocytes. This study aimed to determine the protective role of ASP on sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, and explore the underlying mechanism. Method Human primary chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage of OA patients were treated with SNP alone or in combination with different dose of ASP. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed, and apoptosis-related proteins including Bcl-2 and Bax were detected. Autophagy levels were evaluated by light chain 3 (LC3)-II immunofluorescence staining, mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence localisation and western blot (LC3II, p62, Beclin-1, Atg5). Meanwhile,activation of ERK 1/2 pathway was determined by western blot. The autophagy inhibitors 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ) and a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, SCH772984, were used respectively to confirm the autophagic effect of ASP. Results The results showed that SNP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis was significantly rescued by ASP, whereas ASP alone promoted chondrocytes proliferation. The anti-apoptotic effect of ASP was related to the enhanced autophagy and depended on the activation of ERK1/2 pathway.Conclusion ASP markedly rescued SNP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2-dependent autophagy in chondrocytes, and it made ASP a potential therapeutic supplementation for OA treatment.

scholarly journals Challenges in Controlling Vibriosis in Shrimp Farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hethesh Chellapandian ◽  
Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli ◽  
A. Vijay Anand ◽  
Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Penaeid Shrimp ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Shrimp Culture ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Live Feeds ◽  
The Impact

Recently the shrimp farming has blooming as a crucial counterpart in the aquaculture industry which contribute the remarkable role in sea food production as well economy of the country. However, this could be fluctuated every year through several circumstances such as unfavorable (Poor water and soil quality) environmental factors. The environmental factors includes disease causing bacterial pathogens in the soil and water which causes the bacterial diseases in the aquatic animals, like this hectic problems are prevented through bioaugmentation strategies. The pond environment plays a vital role in determining the healthy culture system, but there is high risk for manipulation by bacterial community which takes care of waste generated in the system through in situ bioremediation. Due to the impact of rapidly growing bacterial diseases of shrimps throughout the world, numerous studies have been carried out to find immunostimulants, immunomodulators and biotic component that can be used against vibrio causing pathogens, and can also be used as an alternative for antibiotics. Recent research focus towards the marine resources such as microalgae, seaweed, live feeds (like artemia, copepods, rotifers), bacteriophage, and probiotics have been found to have higher potential in reducing vibriosis. Eco-based shrimp farming includes green water technology, phage therapy bio-floc technology (BFT) and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), these methods hold a promising alternative to antibiotics in the near future. Bacterial diseases caused by vibrios have been reported in penaeid shrimp culture systems implicating at least 14 species and they are Vibrio harveyi, V. splendidus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificuslogei etc.

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