Multivariate analysis of geographic covariance between phenotypes and environments in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from the Cook Inlet area, Alaska

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1497-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bourgeois ◽  
D. M. Blouw ◽  
J. P. Koenings ◽  
M. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Cook Inlet ◽  
Lake Productivity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Widely distributed freshwater populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus exhibit reduction in the bones of the pelvis and the numbers of lateral plates and dorsal spines. We investigated the relationship between skeletal reduction and the characteristics of the environments in which it occurs. A combination of environmental factors, including environmental ion composition – lake productivity, geographic position, opportunity for gene flow, and the presence of other fishes, is associated with skeletal reduction. The principal correlates of reduction in all skeletal traits are low concentrations of calcium, magnesium, silicon, H+, and reactive phosphorus. We hypothesize that the ion composition of lake water is the main selective agent promoting skeletal reduction in sticklebacks in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, and that other fishes and local gene flow may modify its extent. Our results show that a suite of skeletal traits responds in common to the interacting effects of at least three environmental factors (ion composition of lake water, presence of other fishes, local gene flow), and they emphasize that unitary explanations of the evolution of skeletal reduction are unlikely to be adequate.

Changes in Nutrient Levels of Lake Water Stored at 4 °C

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. El-Shaarawi ◽  
M. A. Neilson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Glass Bottles ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Water samples were collected on Lake Ontario during April and November, filtered (0.45 μm), and immediately analyzed onboard ship for the nutrients soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate-plus-nitrite, and ammonia. Replicates were stored in glass bottles at 4 °C and reanalyzed within 8 d. Statistical analysis showed that soluble reactive phosphorus decreased by 11 and 13% and nitrate-plus-nitrite by 7 and 6%, whereas ammonia increased by 75% on one cruise and decreased by 37% on the other.

Environmental Effects on Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). I. Effect of Daylength, Photon Flux Density, Night Temperature and Day Temperature on the Yield and Composition of Peppermint Oil

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Clark ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Long days (16 h light), high photon flux density (1200 �Em-2 s-1.) and high night temperature (20°C) resulted in the highest oil yield. : Daylength, night temperature, day temperature and photon flux density were important interacting factors determining oil composition. The photosynthate model proposed by Burbott and Loomis (Plant Physiol., 1967, <B.42, 20-8) explained the effect of environmental factors with respect to pulegone, menthone and menthofuran. Factors favouring the maintenance of high levels of photosynthate resulted in high concentrations of menthone and low concentrations of pulegone and menthofuran. The photosynthate model does not explain the effect of environmental factors on several other monoterpenes.

Correlation between Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Environmental Factors in Jihongtan Reservoir

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 959-962
Author(s):  
Ji Ping Ma ◽  
Cui Jie Rui ◽  
Jian Hua Ge ◽  
Yu Hua Liu ◽  
Zhi Wen Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Based on the Jihogntan reservoir’s monitoring data from 2006 to 2009, eutrophication of Jihongtan reservoir was assessed. The result showed that the nutrition level of the Jihongtan reservoir was middle in recent years. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a(Chla) was higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. The correlation between concentration of Chla and some environmental factors was studied by statistical method, and seasonal variation of Chla and the extent of eutrophication were also analyzed. The results showed that the correlations between Chla and total nitrogen(TN), dissolved oxygen(DO) and transparency were significantly negative, and that between Chla and total phosphorus(TP), temperature(T) and potassium permanganate index(COD Mn) were significantly positive. The growth of phytoplankton was promoted by TP and TN at low concentrations, and inhibited by TN at high concentrations.

DISTRIBUTION OF POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM IN GRASSES AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Pritchard ◽  
W. J. Pigden ◽  
L. P. Folkins
Keyword(s):  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Mg Content

Distribution of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in timothy and bromegrass cut at eight progressive dates was similar in both grasses. Highest concentrations were usually found in leaves, lowest at the base of stems, with levels in stems increasing toward the center or tips. With progressive maturity, K, Ca, and Mg content of stems decreased whereas in leaves and heads, K decreased, Ca increased, and Mg remained relatively constant. Sodium (Na) showed little change with progressive cutting dates but low concentrations of this element suggest an inadequate supply in the soil to permit deposition in the plant.In both grasses, ratios of K/Ca, K/Mg, K/(Mg+Ca), were large. These ratios stayed relatively constant in leaves throughout the season but decreased in heads and stems with progressive cuttings. The Ca/Mg ratio tended to be higher in stems than in heads.

DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CARBON IN LAKE WATER

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
MURRAY G. JOHNSON ◽  
MICHAEL F. P. MICHALSKI
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Low Concentrations

Inter-Relationships of Carbonate, Phosphate, Monohydrogen Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium in Uraemic Bone: Comparison of Dialysed and Non-Dialysed Patients

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316
Author(s):  
E. D. Pellegrino ◽  
R. M. Biltz ◽  
J. M. Letteri
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Compact Bone ◽  
Octacalcium Phosphate ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Bone Composition ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Phosphate Carbonate

1. Chemical and morphological features of uraemic bone disease were studied by comparison of bone composition in 44 patients with uraemia (12 dialysed and 32 non-dialysed) and 36 control subjects. The significant changes included decreased bone mineral carbonate associated with calcium, a concomitant increase in phosphate, and an increase in magnesium. There was also an increase in osteoid and a reduction in the specific gravity of the compact bone. 2. The most marked changes in bone composition were observed in patients with uraemia of more than 1 year's duration, who had been dialysed. Bone mineral sodium concentrations were not significantly altered in any group. 3. The changes in bone mineral composition appeared to be the result of several simultaneous and/or successive mechanisms: (i) loss of fixed base, calcium carbonate; (ii) replacement of carbonate by phosphate; (iii) the addition of immature bone mineral, which contains high concentrations of phosphate and relatively low concentrations of carbonate. 4. These observations are consistent with earlier views of the bone salt as an indefinite calcium/phosphate/carbonate complex. Variations in bone composition may arise from a reciprocal relationship between phosphate and carbonate. The bone mineral analogue that best explains these variations in bone composition is octacalcium phosphate carbonate [Ca4(PO4)2(HPO4)x(CO3)1-x,zH2O].

Carbon Isotope Composition of Lake Sediments in Relation to Lake Productivity and Radiocarbon Dating

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Aravena ◽  
Barry G. Warner ◽  
Glen M. MacDonald ◽  
Karen I. Hanf
Keyword(s):  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Lake Productivity ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Organic Sediment

AbstractCarbon-13 profiles and radiocarbon dates were obtained from two Canadian kettle basins having similar geological and hydrological characteristics to develop criteria for evaluating the validity of radiocarbon dates on lake sediment from basins in calcareous terrain. Radiocarbon dates from a site in Alberta show a variable hard-water effect related to local hydrological changes during postglacial history of the lake basin, whereas radiocarbon dates from the other site in Ontario show no noticeable influence of old carbon during its history. These differences are mainly related to lake water residence time, which has influenced carbon isotopic exchange between atmospheric CO2 and dissolved inorganic carbon in lake water. δ13C values for bulk organic sediment and terrestrial and aquatic macrofossils reveal that the main component of lake sediment at both sites is autocthonous in origin. Furthermore, each site supported different submerged aquatic plant communities that used different sources of carbon for photosynthesis, thereby imprinting the organic sediments with a characteristic 13C composition. Both sites reflect a clear relationship between 13C values and paleoproductivity. This study shows the individualistic response of the developing lake system to the hydrology, lake biota, and local geology, and demonstrates the problem of using 13C in lake sediments as a single criterion to recognize the validity of radiocarbon dates of lake sediment without supporting paleoecological information.

Reproductive Isolation Among Lateral Plate Phenotypes (Low, Partial, Complete) of the Threespine Stickleback, Gasterosteus Aculeatus, From the White Sea Basin and the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

Behaviour ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1173-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery V. Ziuganov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
The White Sea ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Freshwater Pond ◽  
White Sea Basin

AbstractReproductive isolation was investigated among sympatric lateral plate morphs of threespine stickleback from the White Sea basin and also among phenotypically similar morphs from the distant Kamchatka River basin (Lake Azabachije). Female choice tests show that gene flow is restricted among the completely plated and low plated morphs at both locations; behavioural isolation between these morphs is complete among Lake Azabachije fish, and nearly so (93% positive assortative mating) among White Sea basin fish. However, the experiments also demonstrate that there are no barriers to reproduction among the Azabachije and White Sea complete morphs, among the Azabachije low and White Sea complete morphs, nor among the Azabachije complete and White Sea low morphs. In addition, there is no evidence of barriers to gene flow among the low and partially plated morphs. Therefore, although gene flow is restricted among the extreme morphs within each locality, nevertheless gene exchange is possible, either directly or secondarily, among all phenotypes. The reproductive isolation between the complete and low morphs from the White Sea basin developed in situ no more than eight generations after the sticklebacks were introduced into an isolated freshwater pond. Therefore behavioural isolation can evolve very rapidly among the lateral plate phenotypes of Gasterosteus aculeatus.

scholarly journals Ongoing niche differentiation under high gene flow in a polymorphic brackish water threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjartan Østbye ◽  
Annette Taugbøl ◽  
Mark Ravinet ◽  
Chris Harrod ◽  
Ruben Alexander Pettersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
High Gene Flow ◽  
High Gene
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