scholarly journals The effects of myeloablative or non-myeloablative total body irradiations on intestinal tract in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengyun Zhu ◽  
Jing Liang ◽  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Mengdi Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Acute radiation injury caused by high-dose radiation exposure severely impedes the application of radiotherapy in cancer management. To deeply understand the side effects of radiation on intestinal tract, an irradiation murine model was applied and evaluated. C57BL/6 mice were given 4Gy non-myeloablative irradiation, 8Gy myeloablative irradiation and non-irradiation (control), respectively. Results demonstrated that the 8Gy myeloablative irradiations significantly damaged the gut barrier along with decreasing MECA32 and ZO-1. However, a slight increase of MECA32 and ZO-1 was detected in the 4Gy non-myeloablative irradiations treatment from day 5 to day 10. Further, the irradiations affected the expression of P38 and JNK MAPK but not ERK1/2 MAPK signal pathway. Moreover, irradiation had adverse effects on hematopoietic system, altered the numbers and percentages of intestinal inflammatory cells. The IL-17/AhR had big increase in the gut of 4Gy irradiation mice at day 10 compared with other groups. Both 8Gy myeloablative and 4Gy non-myeloablative irradiation disturbed the levels of short chain fatty acids in intestine. Meanwhile, high dosage of irradiation decreased the intestinal bacterial diversity and altered the community composition. Importantly, the fatty acids generating bacteria Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae played key roles in community distribution and short chain fatty acids metabolism after irradiation. Collectively, the irradiation induced gut barrier damage with dosages dependent that led to the decreased p38 MAPK and increased JNK MAPK, unbalanced the mononuclear cells of gut, disturbed intestinal bacterial community and short chain fatty acids level.

scholarly journals Glycerol Monocaprylate Modulates Gut Microbiota and Increases Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production without Adverse Effects on Metabolism and Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Junhui Zhang ◽  
Fengqin Feng ◽  
Minjie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dose Treatment ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Glycerol monocaprylate (GMC) is a glycerol derivative of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and is widely used as a preservative in food processing. However, GMC and its hydrolytic acid (octylic acid) have antibacterial properties that may affect the physiology and intestinal microecology of the human body. Therefore, in this study, the effects of two different dosages of GMC (150 and 1600 mg kg−1) on glucose, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal microecology of normal diet-fed C57BL/6 mice were comprehensively investigated. The obtained results showed that the level of triglycerides (TGs) in the low-dose group down-regulated significantly, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) significantly increased, while the pro-inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) in the high-dose group were significantly decreased. Importantly, GMC promoted the α-diversity of gut microbiota in normal-diet-fed mice, regardless of dosages. Additionally, it was found that the low-dose treatment of GMC significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, while the high-dose treatment of GMC significantly increased the abundance of SCFA-producers such as Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcus. Moreover, the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was significantly increased by GMC supplementation. Thus, our research provides a novel insight into the effects of GMC on gut microbiota and physiological characteristics.

scholarly journals Diabetes Mellitus and Increased Tuberculosis Susceptibility: The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Lachmandas ◽  
Corina N. A. M. van den Heuvel ◽  
Michelle S. M. A. Damen ◽  
Maartje C. P. Cleophas ◽  
Mihai G. Netea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Cytokine Responses ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Type 2 diabetes mellitus confers a threefold increased risk for tuberculosis, but the underlying immunological mechanisms are still largely unknown. Possible mediators of this increased susceptibility are short-chain fatty acids, levels of which have been shown to be altered in individuals with diabetes. We examined the influence of physiological concentrations of butyrate on cytokine responses toMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Butyrate decreased Mtb-induced proinflammatory cytokine responses, while it increased production of IL-10. This anti-inflammatory effect was independent of butyrate’s well-characterised inhibition of HDAC activity and was not accompanied by changes in Toll-like receptor signalling pathways, the eicosanoid pathway, or cellular metabolism. In contrast blocking IL-10 activity reversed the effects of butyrate on Mtb-induced inflammation. Alteration of the gut microbiota, thereby increasing butyrate concentrations, can reduce insulin resistance and obesity, but further studies are needed to determine how this affects susceptibility to tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Expression of Campylobacter jejuni Determinants Required for Commensalism and Virulence

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Luethy ◽  
Steven Huynh ◽  
Deborah A. Ribardo ◽  
Sebastian E. Winter ◽  
Craig T. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni promotes commensalism in the intestinal tracts of avian hosts and diarrheal disease in humans, yet components of intestinal environments recognized as spatial cues specific for different intestinal regions by the bacterium to initiate interactions in either host are mostly unknown. By analyzing a C. jejuni acetogenesis mutant defective in converting acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) to acetate and commensal colonization of young chicks, we discovered evidence for in vivo microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and organic acids as cues recognized by C. jejuni that modulate expression of determinants required for commensalism. We identified a set of C. jejuni genes encoding catabolic enzymes and transport systems for amino acids required for in vivo growth whose expression was modulated by SCFAs. Transcription of these genes was reduced in the acetogenesis mutant but was restored upon supplementation with physiological concentrations of the SCFAs acetate and butyrate present in the lower intestinal tracts of avian and human hosts. Conversely, the organic acid lactate, which is abundant in the upper intestinal tract where C. jejuni colonizes less efficiently, reduced expression of these genes. We propose that microbiota-generated SCFAs and lactate are cues for C. jejuni to discriminate between different intestinal regions. Spatial gradients of these metabolites likely allow C. jejuni to locate preferred niches in the lower intestinal tract and induce expression of factors required for intestinal growth and commensal colonization. Our findings provide insights into the types of cues C. jejuni monitors in the avian host for commensalism and likely in humans to promote diarrheal disease. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is a commensal of the intestinal tracts of avian species and other animals and a leading cause of diarrheal disease in humans. The types of cues sensed by C. jejuni to influence responses to promote commensalism or infection are largely lacking. By analyzing a C. jejuni acetogenesis mutant, we discovered a set of genes whose expression is modulated by lactate and short-chain fatty acids produced by the microbiota in the intestinal tract. These genes include those encoding catabolic enzymes and transport systems for amino acids that are required by C. jejuni for in vivo growth and intestinal colonization. We propose that gradients of these microbiota-generated metabolites are cues for spatial discrimination between areas of the intestines so that the bacterium can locate niches in the lower intestinal tract for optimal growth for commensalism in avian species and possibly infection of human hosts leading to diarrheal disease. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is a commensal of the intestinal tracts of avian species and other animals and a leading cause of diarrheal disease in humans. The types of cues sensed by C. jejuni to influence responses to promote commensalism or infection are largely lacking. By analyzing a C. jejuni acetogenesis mutant, we discovered a set of genes whose expression is modulated by lactate and short-chain fatty acids produced by the microbiota in the intestinal tract. These genes include those encoding catabolic enzymes and transport systems for amino acids that are required by C. jejuni for in vivo growth and intestinal colonization. We propose that gradients of these microbiota-generated metabolites are cues for spatial discrimination between areas of the intestines so that the bacterium can locate niches in the lower intestinal tract for optimal growth for commensalism in avian species and possibly infection of human hosts leading to diarrheal disease.

Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the ethylene pathway in embryonic axes of Cicer arietinum during germination

1994 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gallardo ◽  
Paloma Munoz De Rueda ◽  
Angel Jesus Matilla ◽  
Isabel Maria Sanchez-Calle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Prevent Diabetic Nephropathy In Vivo and In Vitro

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 92-OR ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI HUANG ◽  
YONG XU ◽  
YOUHUA XU ◽  
LUPING ZHOU ◽  
CHENLIN GAO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

1898-P: Colonic Short-Chain Fatty Acids Lower Endogenous Glucose Production

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1898-P
Author(s):  
ADELINA I.L. LANE ◽  
SAVANNA N. WENINGER ◽  
FRANK DUCA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Endogenous Glucose Production ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Endogenous Glucose ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids
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