scholarly journals Primary structures of decapod crustacean metallothioneins with special emphasis on freshwater and semi-terrestrial species

1996 ◽  
Vol 319 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren N. PEDERSEN ◽  
Knud L PEDERSEN ◽  
Peter HØJRUP ◽  
Michael H. DEPLEDGE ◽  
Jens KNUDSEN
Keyword(s):  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Methionine Residue ◽  
Single Form ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
High Degree

Cadmium injections induced only a single form of metallothionein (MT) in the midgut gland of Potamon potamios, whereas the same treatment induced two isoforms in Astacus astacus. The only difference between the two latter isoforms was that one had an extra N-terminal methionine residue. MT from P. potamios showed structural differences from other decapod crustacean MTs. It contained a Gly-Thr motif at positions 8 and 8a, which had previously been found only in certain vertebrate and molluscan MTs. Furthermore P. potamios MT contained two to three times as many glutamic acid residues as normally found in decapod crustacean MT. The primary structure of MT from the freshwater crayfish A. astacus showed a high degree of sequence identity with MT from other decapod crustaceans, especially the marine astacidean Homarus americanus, although two valine residues were unexpectedly found at positions 8 and 21, where lysine residues are normally found.

Nuclear DNA content variation associated with muscle fiber hypertrophic growth in decapod crustaceans

Genome ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gabriela Jimenez ◽  
Stephen T. Kinsey ◽  
Richard M. Dillaman ◽  
Donald F. Kapraun
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Palaemonetes Pugio ◽  
Hypertrophic Growth ◽  
Fiber Size

We tested the hypothesis that hypertrophic muscle growth in decapod crustaceans is associated with increases in both the number of nuclei per fiber and nuclear DNA content. The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and chicken erythrocyte standards were used with static microspectrophotometry and image analysis to estimate nuclear DNA content in hemocytes and muscle fibers from eight decapod crustacean species: Farfantepenaeus aztecus , Palaemonetes pugio , Panulirus argus , Homarus americanus , Procambarus clarkii , Cambarus bartonii , Callinectes sapidus , and Menippe mercenaria . Mean diploid (2C) values in hemocytes ranged from 3.6 to 11.7 pg. Hemocyte 2C estimates were used to extrapolate ploidy level in the multinucleated skeletal muscle tissue of juvenile and adult animals. Across all species, mean muscle fiber diameters from adult animals were significantly larger than those in juveniles, and nuclear domains were greater in larger fibers. The number of nuclei per fiber increased with increasing fiber size, as hypothesized. Maximum nuclear DNA content per species in muscle ranged from 4C to 32C, consistent with endopolyploidy. Two patterns of body- and fiber-size-dependent shifts in ploidy were observed: four species had a significantly higher ploidy in the larger fibers of adults, while three species exhibited a significantly lower ploidy in adults than in juveniles. Thus, across species, there was no systematic relationship between nuclear domain size and nuclear DNA content.

Serotonergic innervation and modulation of the stomatogastric ganglion of three decapod crustaceans (Panulirus interruptus, Homarus americanus and Cancer irroratus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Beltz ◽  
J. S. Eisen ◽  
R. Flamm ◽  
R. M. Harris-Warrick ◽  
S. L. Hooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Stomatogastric Ganglion ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Panulirus Interruptus ◽  
Cancer Irroratus ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques ◽  
Stomatogastric System ◽  
Serotonergic Innervation

The serotonergic innervation of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of three decapod crustacean species, Panulirus interruptus, Homarus americanus and Cancer irroratus, was studied. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the distribution of serotonin-like staining in regions of the stomatogastric system in the three species. In C. irroratus and H. americanus, but not in P. interruptus, serotonin-like staining was found in fibres in the stomatogastric nerve and in neuropil regions of the STG. High performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of serotonin in STG of C. irroratus and H. americanus, but serotonin was not found in STG of P. interruptus. Electrophysiological experiments showed that the pyloric motor output of the STG of all three species was influenced by bath applications of serotonin. The STG of P. interruptus responded to serotonin concentrations as low as 10–9M; however the STG of the other two species did not respond until serotonin concentrations in excess of 10-6M were applied. We conclude that serotonin may play a hormonal role in the control of the STG of P. interruptus, but is likely to be a neurotransmitter released by inputs to the STG of H. americanus and C. irroratus.

scholarly journals Involvement of loop 5 lysine residues and the N-terminal β-hairpin of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A on its insecticidal activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Olombrada ◽  
Lucía García-Ortega ◽  
Javier Lacadena ◽  
Mercedes Oñaderra ◽  
José G. Gavilanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Ribonucleolytic Activity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Hirsutella Thompsonii ◽  
Close Spatial Proximity ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Ribotoxins are cytotoxic members of the family of fungal extracellular ribonucleases best represented by RNase T1. They share a high degree of sequence identity and a common structural fold, including the geometric arrangement of their active sites. However, ribotoxins are larger, with a well-defined N-terminal β-hairpin, and display longer and positively charged unstructured loops. These structural differences account for their cytotoxic properties. Unexpectedly, the discovery of hirsutellin A (HtA), a ribotoxin produced by the invertebrate pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii, showed how it was possible to accommodate these features into a shorter amino acid sequence. Examination of HtA N-terminal β-hairpin reveals differences in terms of length, charge, and spatial distribution. Consequently, four different HtA mutants were prepared and characterized. One of them was the result of deleting this hairpin [Δ(8-15)] while the other three affected single Lys residues in its close spatial proximity (K115E, K118E, and K123E). The results obtained support the general conclusion that HtA active site would show a high degree of plasticity, being able to accommodate electrostatic and structural changes not suitable for the other previously known larger ribotoxins, as the variants described here only presented small differences in terms of ribonucleolytic activity and cytotoxicity against cultured insect cells.

scholarly journals Structural differences and the presence of unsubstituted amino groups in heparan sulphates from different tissues and species

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko TOIDA ◽  
Hisao YOSHIDA ◽  
Hidenao TOYODA ◽  
Ichiro KOSHIISHI ◽  
Toshio IMANARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Kidney Medulla ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Iduronic Acid ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Different Tissues

This study presents a comparison of heparan sulphate chains isolated from various porcine and bovine tissues. 1H-NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz) was applied for structural and compositional studies on intact heparan sulphate chains. After enzymic digestion of heparan sulphate using heparin lyase I (EC 4.2.2.7) II and III (EC 4.2.2.8), the compositions of unsaturated disaccharides obtained were determined by analytical capillary electrophoresis. Correlations between the N-sulphated glucosamine residues and O-sulphation and between iduronic acid content and total sulphation were discovered using the data obtained by NMR and disaccharide analysis. Heparan sulphate chains could be classified into two groups based on the sulphation degree and the iduronic acid content. Heparan sulphate chains with a high degree of sulphation possessed also a significant number of iduronic acid residues and were isolated exclusively from porcine brain, liver and kidney medulla. The presence and amount of N-unsubstituted glucosamine residues (GlcNp) was established in all of the heparan sulphates examined. The structural context in which this residue occurs was demonstrated to be: high sulphation domain → 4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1 → 4)-α-d-GlcNp-(1 → 4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1 → low sulphation domain (where GlcNp is 2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose, and GlcAp is glucopyranosyluronic acid), based on the isolation and characterization of a novel, heparin lyase III-derived, GlcNp containing tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide. The results presented suggest that structural differences may play a role in important biological events controlled by heparan sulphate in different tissues.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution patterns of the Oligocene and Miocene decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Malacostraca) of the Western and Central Paratethys

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matúš Hyžný
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Central Paratethys ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Habitats

AbstractDecapod associations have been significant components of marine habitats throughout the Cenozoic when the major diversification of the group occurred. In this respect, the circum-Mediterranean area is of particular interest due to its complex palaeogeographic history. During the Oligo-Miocene, it was divided in two major areas, Mediterranean and Paratethys. Decapod crustaceans from the Paratethys Sea have been reported in the literature since the 19thcentury, but only recent research advances allow evaluation of the diversity and distribution patterns of the group. Altogether 176 species-level taxa have been identified from the Oligocene and Miocene of the Western and Central Paratethys. Using the three-dimensional NMDS analysis, the composition of decapod crustacean faunas of the Paratethys shows significant differences through time. The Ottnangian and Karpatian decapod associations were similar to each other both taxonomically and in the mode of preservation, and they differed taxonomically from the Badenian ones. The Early Badenian assemblages also differed taxonomically from the Late Badenian ones. The time factor, including speciation, immigration from other provinces and/or (local or global) extinction, can explain temporal differences among assemblages within the same environment. High decapod diversity during the Badenian was correlated with the presence of reefal settings. The Badenian was the time with the highest decapod diversity, which can, however, be a consequence of undersampling of other time slices. Whereas the Ottnangian and Karpatian decapod assemblages are preserved virtually exclusively in the siliciclastic “Schlier”-type facies that originated in non-reefal offshore environments, carbonate sedimentation and the presence of reefal environments during the Badenian in the Central Paratethys promoted thriving of more diverse reef-associated assemblages. In general, Paratethyan decapods exhibited homogeneous distribution during the Oligo-Miocene among the basins in the Paratethys. Based on the co-occurrence of certain decapod species, migration between the Paratethys and the North Sea during the Early Miocene probably occurred via the Rhine Graben. At larger spatial scales, our results suggest that the circum-Mediterranean marine decapod taxa migrated in an easterly direction during the Oligocene and/or Miocene, establishing present-day decapod communities in the Indo-West Pacific.

Evidence for multiple paternity in two species of Orconectes crayfish

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Kahrl ◽  
R.H. Laushman ◽  
A.J. Roles
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Crayfish Species

Multiple mating is expected to be common in organisms that produce large clutches as a mechanism by which sexual reproduction can enrich genetic variation. For freshwater crayfish, observation of multiple mating suggests the potential for high rates of multiple paternity, but genetic confirmation is largely lacking from natural populations. We studied paternity within wild-caught broods of two crayfish species in the genus Orconectes (Sanborn’s crayfish (Orconectes sanbornii (Faxon, 1884)) and the Allegheny crayfish (Orconectes obscurus (Hagen, 1870))). Although females have been observed mating with multiple males, this is the first genetic confirmation of multiple paternity in broods of these two species. Berried females were collected in the field and maintained in aquaria until their eggs hatched. We amplified and genotyped extracted DNA from maternal and hatchling tissue for several microsatellite loci. For both species, paternity reconstruction (GERUD 2.0) yielded 2–3 sires per brood and no single paternity clutches. We discuss these results from natural populations in light of the body of work on reproductive ecology of decapod crustaceans and in the context of changes in life history following the transition from marine to freshwater habitats.

scholarly journals Digging deeper: new gene order rearrangements and distinct patterns of codons usage in mitochondrial genomes among shrimps from the Axiidea, Gebiidea and Caridea (Crustacea: Decapoda)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mun Hua Tan ◽  
Han Ming Gan ◽  
Yin Peng Lee ◽  
Gary C.B. Poore ◽  
Christopher M. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Gene Order ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Significant Gene ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

BackgroundWhole mitochondrial DNA is being increasingly utilized for comparative genomic and phylogenetic studies at deep and shallow evolutionary levels for a range of taxonomic groups. Although mitogenome sequences are deposited at an increasing rate into public databases, their taxonomic representation is unequal across major taxonomic groups. In the case of decapod crustaceans, several infraorders, including Axiidea (ghost shrimps, sponge shrimps, and mud lobsters) and Caridea (true shrimps) are still under-represented, limiting comprehensive phylogenetic studies that utilize mitogenomic information.MethodsSequence reads from partial genome scans were generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform and mitogenome sequences were assembled from these low coverage reads. In addition to examining phylogenetic relationships within the three infraorders, Axiidea, Gebiidea, and Caridea, we also investigated the diversity and frequency of codon usage bias and mitogenome gene order rearrangements.ResultsWe present new mitogenome sequences for five shrimp species from Australia that includes two ghost shrimps,Callianassa ceramicaandTrypaea australiensis, along with three caridean shrimps,Macrobrachium bullatum,Alpheus lobidens, andCaridinacf.nilotica. Strong differences in codon usage were discovered among the three infraorders and significant gene order rearrangements were observed. While the gene order rearrangements are congruent with the inferred phylogenetic relationships and consistent with taxonomic classification, they are unevenly distributed within and among the three infraorders.DiscussionOur findings suggest potential for mitogenome rearrangements to be useful phylogenetic markers for decapod crustaceans and at the same time raise important questions concerning the drivers of mitogenome evolution in different decapod crustacean lineages.

scholarly journals Defining GP Practices from an Urban Versus Rural Perspective: The Case of Czechia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Šídlo ◽  
Jan Bělobrádek
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Urban Versus ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Abstract BackgroundThis study is an attempt to demonstrate the potential for classifying GP practices in Czechia along an urban versus rural dimension and to compare the structure of areas thus defined with the OECD territorial typology. The aim is to ascertain whether a general approach to distinguishing regions is transferrable and could be used to define GP practices in Czechia. MethodsIn this study two variants are considered using data supplied to the authors by the largest health insurance company in Czechia, using geographical information systems. The results were then compared with the OECD regional typology, in which areas are classified as predominantly urban, intermediate, and predominantly rural. ResultsThe two GP practice typologies were then found to correspond closely to the OECD typology, but the most recent variant is more suitable. A high degree of similarity was evident in the categorisation of urban regions, and therefore practices, and slightly less so in the rural type areas. The most problematic aspect is defining the intermediate type, which has its own peculiarities and has to be considered within the wider context. ConclusionsDespite some structural differences, we can state that the main thinking behind the OECD typology is transferrable and can be used to determine urban versus rural healthcare providers, especially primary care ones. Nonetheless, the results point to further research avenues, especially on how to best to define the intermediate category so greater accuracy can be achieved in determining the resulting urban versus rural polarity.

A mutation in an exbD gene reduces tagetitoxin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyesuk Kong ◽  
Cheryl D Patterson ◽  
Robin E Mitchell ◽  
Jeffrey S Buyer ◽  
M Catherine Aime ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Tonb System ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Degree

A mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis EB037 with limited ability to produce tagetitoxin was isolated after transposon mutagenesis and the mutation was characterized. The mutation occurred in a gene with a high degree of sequence identity to exbD. exbD is contiguous with tonB and exbB upstream and with a gene for a TonB-dependent receptor downstream. Using reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction with RNA from the wild-type and exbD mutant strains, we demonstrated that the mutation in exbD did not have a polar affect on the expression of downstream genes. The exbD mutant was able to grow well in conditions where iron is not freely available. Siderophore production by the exbD mutant was similar to that of the wild-type strain. We conclude that the mutation in exbD disrupts tagetitoxin production without compromising iron metabolism. The results indicate that tagetitoxin export by P. syringae pv. tagetis involves an efflux pump that requires a functional TonB system that is not essential for normal iron metabolism.Key words: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis, Pseudomonas putida, tagetitoxin, exbD, exbB, tonB, TonB system, Helianthus annuus L.

Data Integration Through Protein Ontology

2011 ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
Amandeep S. Sidhu ◽  
Tharam S. Dillon ◽  
Elizabeth Chang
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Protein Annotation ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Keyword Searches

Traditional approaches to integrate protein data generally involved keyword searches, which immediately excludes unannotated or poorly annotated data. An alternative protein annotation approach is to rely on sequence identity, or structural similarity, or functional identification. Some proteins have high degree of sequence identity, or structural similarity, or similarity in functions that are unique to members of that family alone. Consequently, this approach can’t be generalized to integrate the protein data. Clearly, these traditional approaches have limitations in capturing and integrating data for Protein Annotation. For these reasons, we have adopted an alternative method that does not rely on keywords or similarity metrics, but instead uses ontology. In this chapter we discuss conceptual framework of Protein Ontology that has a hierarchical classification of concepts represented as classes, from general to specific; a list of attributes related to each concept, for each class; a set of relations between classes to link concepts in ontology in more complicated ways then implied by the hierarchy, to promote reuse of concepts in the ontology; and a set of algebraic operators for querying protein ontology instances.

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