scholarly journals The role of sterol carrier protein2 and other hepatic lipid-binding proteins in bile-acid biosynthesis

1986 ◽  
Vol 238 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lidström-Olsson ◽  
K Wikvall
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Bile Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Lipid Binding Proteins

The ability of different lipid-binding proteins in liver cytosol to affect enzyme activities in bile-acid biosynthesis was studied in whole microsomes (microsomal fractions) and mitochondria and in purified enzyme systems. Sterol carrier protein2 stimulated the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the 12 alpha-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol in microsomes and the 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol in mitochondria 2-3-fold. It also stimulated the oxidation of 5-cholestene-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol into 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in microsomes. The stimulatory effect of sterol carrier protein2 was much less with purified cholesterol 7 alpha- and 26-hydroxylase systems than with microsomes and mitochondria. No stimulatory effect of sterol carrier protein2 was observed with purified 12 alpha-hydroxylase and 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase. Sterol carrier protein (fatty-acid-binding protein), ‘DEAE-peak I protein’ [Dempsey, McCoy, Baker, Dimitriadou-Vafiadou, Lorsbach & Howards (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1867-1873], ligandin (glutathione transferase B) and serum albumin had no marked stimulatory effects in either crude or in purified systems. The results suggest that sterol carrier protein2 facilitates the introduction of the less-polar substrates in bile-acid biosynthesis to the membrane-bound enzymes in crude systems in vitro. The broad substrate specificity appears, however, not to be consistent with a specific regulatory function for sterol carrier protein2 in bile-acid biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Adipose-Derived Lipid-Binding Proteins: The Good, the Bad and the Metabolic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10460
Author(s):  
Laurie Frances ◽  
Geneviève Tavernier ◽  
Nathalie Viguerie
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Lipid Binding Proteins

Adipose tissue releases a large range of bioactive factors called adipokines, many of which are involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Under pathological conditions such as obesity, most of the adipokines are upregulated and considered as deleterious, due to their pro-inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic or pro-diabetic properties, while only a few are downregulated and would be designated as beneficial adipokines, thanks to their counteracting properties against the onset of comorbidities. This review focuses on six adipose-derived lipid-binding proteins that have emerged as key factors in the development of obesity and diabetes: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), Apolipoprotein D (APOD), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), Lipocalin-14 (LCN14) and Apolipoprotein M (APOM). These proteins share structural homology and capacity to bind small hydrophobic molecules but display opposite effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. RBP4 and FABP4 are positively associated with metabolic syndrome, while APOD and LCN2 are ubiquitously expressed proteins with deleterious or beneficial effects, depending on their anatomical site of expression. LCN14 and APOM have been recently identified as adipokines associated with healthy metabolism. Recent findings on these lipid-binding proteins exhibiting detrimental or protective roles in human and murine metabolism and their involvement in metabolic diseases are also discussed.

scholarly journals Structural and Dynamic Determinants of Molecular Recognition in Bile Acid-Binding Proteins

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Orsolya Toke
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Bile Acid Binding ◽  
Lipid Binding Proteins

Disorders in bile acid transport and metabolism have been related to a number of metabolic disease states, atherosclerosis, type-II diabetes, and cancer. Bile acid-binding proteins (BABPs), a subfamily of intracellular lipid-binding proteins (iLBPs), have a key role in the cellular trafficking and metabolic targeting of bile salts. Within the family of iLBPs, BABPs exhibit unique binding properties including positive binding cooperativity and site-selectivity, which in different tissues and organisms appears to be tailored to the local bile salt pool. Structural and biophysical studies of the past two decades have shed light on the mechanism of bile salt binding at the atomic level, providing us with a mechanistic picture of ligand entry and release, and the communication between the binding sites. In this review, we discuss the emerging view of bile salt recognition in intestinal- and liver-BABPs, with examples from both mammalian and non-mammalian species. The structural and dynamic determinants of the BABP-bile–salt interaction reviewed herein set the basis for the design and development of drug candidates targeting the transcellular traffic of bile salts in enterocytes and hepatocytes.

scholarly journals Functional analysis of peroxisome-proliferator-responsive element motifs in genes of fatty acid-binding proteins

2004 ◽  
Vol 382 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian SCHACHTRUP ◽  
Tanja EMMLER ◽  
Bertram BLECK ◽  
Anton SANDQVIST ◽  
Friedrich SPENER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Computer Search ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Responsive Element

Retinoic acids and long-chain fatty acids are lipophilic agonists of nuclear receptors such as RXRs (retinoic X receptors) and PPARs (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors) respectively. These agonists are also ligands of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, which include FABPs (fatty acid-binding proteins). We reported previously that L (liver-type)-FABP targets fatty acids to the nucleus of hepatocytes and affects PPARα activation, which binds together with an RXR subtype to a PPRE (peroxisome-proliferator-responsive element). In the present study, we first determined the optimal combination of murine PPAR/RXR subtypes for binding to known murine FABP-PPREs and to those found by computer search and then tested their in vitro functionality. We show that all PPARs bind to L-FABP-PPRE, PPARα, PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 to A (adipocyte-type)-FABP-PPRE. All PPAR/RXR heterodimers transactivate L-FABP-PPRE, best are combinations of PPARα with RXRα or RXRγ. In contrast, PPARα heterodimers do not transactivate A-FABP-PPRE, best combinations are of PPARγ1 with RXRα and RXRγ, and of PPARγ2 with all RXR subtypes. We found that the predicted E (epidermal-type)- and H (heart-type)-FABP-PPREs are not activated by any PPAR/RXR combination without or with the PPAR pan-agonist bezafibrate. In the same way, C2C12 myoblasts transfected with promoter fragments of E-FABP and H-FABP genes containing putative PPREs are also not activated through stimulation of PPARs with bezafibrate applied to the cells. These results demonstrate that only PPREs of L- and A-FABP promoters are functional, and that binding of PPAR/RXR heterodimers to a PPRE in vitro does not necessarily predict transactivation.

Lipid-binding proteins and lipoprotein lipase activity in human skeletal muscle: influence of physical activity and gender

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Kiens ◽  
Carsten Roepstorff ◽  
Jan F. C. Glatz ◽  
Arend Bonen ◽  
Peter Schjerling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Muscle Lipid ◽  
Lipid Binding Proteins

The protein and mRNA levels of several muscle lipid-binding proteins and the activity and mRNA level of muscle lipoprotein lipase (mLPL) were investigated in healthy, nonobese, nontrained (NT), moderately trained, and endurance-trained (ET) women and men. FAT/CD36 protein level was 49% higher ( P < 0.05) in women than in men, irrespective of training status, whereas FAT/CD36 mRNA was only higher ( P < 0.05) in women than in men in NT subjects (85%). Plasma membrane-bound fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) content was higher in ET men compared with all other groups, whereas training status did not affect FABPpm content in women. FABPpm mRNA was higher ( P < 0.05) in NT women than in ET women and NT men. mLPL activity was not different between gender, but mLPL mRNA was 160% higher ( P < 0.001) in women than in men. mLPL activity was 48% higher ( P < 0.05) in ET than in NT subjects, irrespective of gender, in accordance with 49% higher ( P < 0.05) mLPL mRNA in ET than in NT subjects. A 90-min exercise bout induced an increase ( P < 0.05) in FAT/CD36 mRNA (∼25%) and FABPpm mRNA (∼15%) levels in all groups. The present study demonstrated that, in the NT state, women had higher muscle mRNA levels of several proteins related to muscle lipid metabolism compared with men. In the ET state, only the gender difference in mLPL mRNA persisted. FAT/CD36 protein in muscle was higher in women than in men, irrespective of training status. These findings may help explain gender differences in lipid metabolism and, furthermore, suggest that the balance between gene transcription, translation, and possibly breakdown of several proteins in muscle lipid metabolism depend on gender.

scholarly journals Estudio de proteínas solubles que unen lípidos (SLBP) intracelulares expresadas en sistemas que metabolizan grandes cantidades de lípidos

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lisandro J. Falomir Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Lipid Binding Proteins

Los lípidos son compuestos que cumplen una gran variedad de funciones en la biología celular, desde componentes estructurales o nutrientes de reserva hasta señales hormonales o incluso feromonas pasando por moduladores de la transcripción y pigmentos fotosintéticos. Sin embargo, por definición, estos compuestos poseen una muy baja solubilidad en el medio acuoso celular. Por tal motivo, se cree que han evolucionado diferentes familias de proteínas solubles, capaces de unir lípidos en forma reversible en el citosol, las SLBP (Soluble Lipid Binding Proteins) intracelulares. Dentro de este conjunto de proteínas, las familias mejor caracterizadas corresponden a las proteínas que unen ácidos grasos (FABP) y las proteínas transportadoras de esteroles (SCP-2), ambas con capacidad de unir ácidos grasos de cadena larga. Cada familia de proteínas SLBP posee varias isoformas que presentan un patrón de expresión y especificidad de unión de ligando hidrofóbicos únicos. Se cree que estas diferencias residen en una baja identidad de secuencia (tan sólo un 20%), a pesar de la cual adoptan estructuras tridimensionales prácticamente superponibles. A fin de contribuir en la identificación determinantes estructurales críticos y las funciones específicas de las SLBP se estudiaron tres proteínas modelo que participan de tipos celulares que muestran una capacidad de metabolismo lipídico extraordinario, como son las células de enterocito intestinal de mamífero y las levaduras Yarrowia lipolytica. En el primer caso se coexpresan dos FABP en niveles prácticamente equivalentes. Por un lado se analizó in vitro el rol de residuos de Lys específicos de la IFABP en la transferencia de ácidos grasos, siendo estos importantes para el sensado de las características de las membranas aceptoras. Ensayos de interacción con membrana revelaron que tanto IFABP como LFABP muestran moduladores distintos de su interacción con bicapas fosfolipídicas, y que en particular las regiones α-helicoidal serían críticas para este fenómeno. Asimismo, se demostró la transferencia in vitro de ligandos entre ambas FABP intestinales. Finalmente, se comprobó que la expresión de LFABP en células Caco-2 en cultivo afecta la asimilación de ácidos grasos, así como su distribución a tiempos cortos. El análisis comparativo de estas proteínas parece indicar que cumplirían funciones diferentes dentro del entorno celular. En el caso de Y. lipolytica, sólo una SLBP es expresada con capacidad de unir ácidos grasos libres, representante de la familia de las SCP-2, YLSCP2. El análisis in vitro de sus capacidades de unión y de transferencia de ligandos hacia membranas aceptoras en distintas condiciones demostró que la YLSCP2 podría cumplir un rol de transporte de ligando hidrofóbicos hacia estructuras intracelulares específicas. En conclusión, estas proteínas no sólo son capaces de actuar como buffer citosólico de lípidos aumentando así su disponibilidad para los distintos procesos celulares, sino que también son capaces de modular o regular su metabolismo. Más estudios son necesarios para poder comprender mejor las funciones específicas de estas SLBP, pero los secretos que esconden sus estructuras podrían tener importantes aplicaciones en áreas diversas como medicina, nutrición, industria biotecnológica y el tratamiento de efluentes industriales.

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