Protein trafficking to plastids: one theme, many variations

2008 ◽  
Vol 413 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehito Inaba ◽  
Danny J. Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Plastid Envelope ◽  
Plastid Protein

Plastids are a diverse group of essential organelles in plants that include chloroplasts. The biogenesis and maintenance of these organelles relies on the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins. The complexity of plastid structure has resulted in the evolution of at least four general import pathways that target proteins into and across the double membrane of the plastid envelope. Several of these pathways can be further divided into specialty pathways that mediate and regulate the import of specific classes of proteins. The co-ordination of import by these specialized pathways with changes in gene expression is critical for plastid and plant development. Moreover, protein import is acutely regulated in response to physiological and metabolic changes within the cell. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanism of import via these pathways and highlight the regulatory mechanisms that integrate the plastid protein-trafficking pathways with the developmental and metabolic state of the plant.

scholarly journals The emerging role of sorting nexins in cardiovascular diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Van Anthony M. Villar ◽  
Selim Rozyyev ◽  
Pedro A. Jose ◽  
Chunyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Sorting Nexins ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Sorting Nexin ◽  
Endosomal Signaling

AbstractThe sorting nexin (SNX) family consists of a diverse group of cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated phosphoinositide-binding proteins that play pivotal roles in the regulation of protein trafficking. This includes the entire endocytic pathway, such as endocytosis, endosomal sorting, and endosomal signaling. Dysfunctions of SNX pathway are involved in several forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, SNX gene variants are associated with CVDs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on SNX-mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs.

Molecular interactions within the plant TOC complex

2009 ◽  
Vol 390 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik S. Sommer ◽  
Enrico Schleiff
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Outer Envelope ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Cellular Compartments

Abstract Protein transport, especially into different cellular compartments, is a highly coordinated and regulated process. The molecular machineries which carry out these transport processes are highly complex in structure, function, and regulation. In the case of chloroplasts, thousands of protein molecules have been estimated to be transported across the double-membrane bound envelope per minute. In this brief review, we summarize current knowledge about the molecular interplay during precursor protein import into chloroplasts, focusing on the initial events at the outer envelope.

Control of gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in the muscular adaptation to endurance exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Joseph ◽  
Henriette Pilegaard ◽  
Anastassia Litvintsev ◽  
Lotte Leick ◽  
David A. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Genes Encoding

Every time a bout of exercise is performed, a change in gene expression occurs within the contracting muscle. Over the course of many repeated bouts of exercise (i.e. training), the cumulative effects of these alterations lead to a change in muscle phenotype. One of the most prominent of these adaptations is an increase in mitochondrial content, which confers a greater resistance to muscle fatigue. This essay reviews current knowledge on the regulation of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis at the molecular level. The major steps involved include, (i) transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes encoding mitochondrial proteins by the coactivator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator-1, (ii) control of mitochondrial DNA gene expression by the transcription factor Tfam, (iii) mitochondrial fission and fusion mechanisms, and (iv) import of nuclear-derived gene products into the mitochondrion via the protein import machinery. It is now known that exercise can modify the rates of several of these steps, leading to mitochondrial biogenesis. An understanding of how exercise can produce this effect could help us decide whether exercise is beneficial for patients suffering from mitochondrial disorders, as well as a variety of metabolic diseases.

Ribosomal protein gene regulation: what about plants?

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri B. McIntosh ◽  
Peta C. Bonham-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

The ribosome is an intricate ribonucleoprotein complex with a multitude of protein constituents present in equimolar amounts. Coordination of the synthesis of these ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) presents a major challenge to the cell. Although most r-proteins are highly conserved, the mechanisms by which r-protein gene expression is regulated often differ widely among species. While the primary regulatory mechanisms coordinating r-protein synthesis in bacteria, yeast, and animals have been identified, the mechanisms governing the coordination of plant r-protein expression remain largely unexplored. In addition, plants are unique among eukaryotes in carrying multiple (often more than two) functional genes encoding each r-protein, which substantially complicates coordinate expression. A survey of the current knowledge regarding coordinated systems of r-protein gene expression in different model organisms suggests that vertebrate r-protein gene regulation provides a valuable comparison for plants.

scholarly journals The Role of RNA Secondary Structure in Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7845
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chełkowska-Pauszek ◽  
Jan Grzegorz Kosiński ◽  
Klementyna Marciniak ◽  
Marta Wysocka ◽  
Kamilla Bąkowska-Żywicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Bacterial Transcription ◽  
Modulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
High Dynamics

Due to the high exposition to changing environmental conditions, bacteria have developed many mechanisms enabling immediate adjustments of gene expression. In many cases, the required speed and plasticity of the response are provided by RNA-dependent regulatory mechanisms. This is possible due to the very high dynamics and flexibility of an RNA structure, which provide the necessary sensitivity and specificity for efficient sensing and transduction of environmental signals. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about known bacterial regulatory mechanisms which rely on RNA structure. To better understand the structure-driven modulation of gene expression, we describe the basic theory on RNA structure folding and dynamics. Next, we present examples of multiple mechanisms employed by RNA regulators in the control of bacterial transcription and translation.

scholarly journals Coordination of Plastid Protein Import and Nuclear Gene Expression by Plastid-to-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling

2009 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 1339-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Kakizaki ◽  
Hideo Matsumura ◽  
Katsuhiro Nakayama ◽  
Fang-Sik Che ◽  
Ryohei Terauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Retrograde Signaling ◽  
Nuclear Gene Expression ◽  
Plastid Protein

tiRNAs & tRFs Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5849-5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Feng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Reverse Transcriptases ◽  
Dna Damage Responses ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Viral Reverse Transcriptases

tiRNAs & tRFs are a class of small molecular noncoding tRNA derived from precise processing of mature or precursor tRNAs. Most tiRNAs & tRFs described originate from nucleus-encoded tRNAs, and only a few tiRNAs and tRFs have been reported. They have been suggested to play important roles in inhibiting protein synthesis, regulating gene expression, priming viral reverse transcriptases, and the modulation of DNA damage responses. However, the regulatory mechanisms and potential function of tiRNAs & tRFs remain poorly understood. This review aims to describe tiRNAs & tRFs, including their structure, biological functions and subcellular localization. The regulatory roles of tiRNAs & tRFs in translation, neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, viral infections, and carcinogenesis are also discussed in detail. Finally, the potential applications of these noncoding tRNAs as biomarkers and gene regulators in different diseases is also highlighted.

Subnuclear compartmentalization of sequence-specific transcription factors and regulation of eukaryotic gene expression

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth N Corry ◽  
D Alan Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Subnuclear Localization ◽  
Modular Structures

To date, the majority of the research regarding eukaryotic transcription factors has focused on characterizing their function primarily through in vitro methods. These studies have revealed that transcription factors are essentially modular structures, containing separate regions that participate in such activities as DNA binding, protein–protein interaction, and transcriptional activation or repression. To fully comprehend the behavior of a given transcription factor, however, these domains must be analyzed in the context of the entire protein, and in certain cases the context of a multiprotein complex. Furthermore, it must be appreciated that transcription factors function in the nucleus, where they must contend with a variety of factors, including the nuclear architecture, chromatin domains, chromosome territories, and cell-cycle-associated processes. Recent examinations of transcription factors in the nucleus have clarified the behavior of these proteins in vivo and have increased our understanding of how gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding sequence-specific transcription factor compartmentalization within the nucleus and discuss its impact on the regulation of such processes as activation or repression of gene expression and interaction with coregulatory factors.Key words: transcription, subnuclear localization, chromatin, gene expression, nuclear architecture.

scholarly journals R2R3-MYB transcription factors, StmiR858 and sucrose mediate potato flavonol biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Lin ◽  
Rajesh K. Singh ◽  
Moehninsi ◽  
Duroy A. Navarre
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Transient Overexpression ◽  
R2r3 Myb ◽  
R2r3 Myb Transcription Factors

AbstractFlavonols and other phenylpropanoids protect plants from biotic and abiotic stress and are dietarily desirable because of their health-promoting properties. The ability to develop new potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) with optimal types and amounts of phenylpropanoids is limited by lack of knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms. Exogenous sucrose increased flavonols, whereas overexpression of the MYB StAN1 induced sucrolytic gene expression. Heterologous StAN1 protein bound promoter fragments from sucrolytic genes (SUSY1 and INV1). Two additional MYBs and one microRNA were identified that regulated potato flavonols. Overexpression analysis showed MYB12A and C increased amounts of flavonols and other phenylpropanoids. Endogenous flavonol amounts in light-exposed organs were much higher those in the dark. Expression levels of StMYB12A and C were high in flowers but low in tubers. Transient overexpression of miR858 altered potato flavonol metabolism. Endogenous StmiR858 expression was much lower in flowers than leaves and correlated with flavonol amounts in these organs. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that sucrose, MYBs, and miRNA control potato phenylpropanoid metabolism in a finely tuned manner that includes a feedback loop between sucrose and StAN1. These findings will aid in the development of potatoes with phenylpropanoid profiles optimized for crop performance and human health.

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