Ribosomal protein gene regulation: what about plants?

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri B. McIntosh ◽  
Peta C. Bonham-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

The ribosome is an intricate ribonucleoprotein complex with a multitude of protein constituents present in equimolar amounts. Coordination of the synthesis of these ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) presents a major challenge to the cell. Although most r-proteins are highly conserved, the mechanisms by which r-protein gene expression is regulated often differ widely among species. While the primary regulatory mechanisms coordinating r-protein synthesis in bacteria, yeast, and animals have been identified, the mechanisms governing the coordination of plant r-protein expression remain largely unexplored. In addition, plants are unique among eukaryotes in carrying multiple (often more than two) functional genes encoding each r-protein, which substantially complicates coordinate expression. A survey of the current knowledge regarding coordinated systems of r-protein gene expression in different model organisms suggests that vertebrate r-protein gene regulation provides a valuable comparison for plants.

scholarly journals Transcriptional regulation of ribosomal proteins during a nutritional upshift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2429-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Donovan ◽  
N J Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Yeast Genome ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

The relative rates of synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal proteins increase coordinately during a nutritional upshift. We constructed a gene fusion which contained 528 base pairs of sequence upstream from and including the TATA box of ribosomal protein gene rp55-1 (S16A-1) fused to a CYC1-lacZ fusion. This fusion was integrated in single copy at the rp55-1 locus in the yeast genome. During a nutritional upshift, in which glucose was added to cells growing in an ethanol-based medium, we found that the increase in the relative rate of synthesis of the beta-galactosidase protein product followed the same kinetics as the change in relative rates of synthesis of several ribosomal proteins measured in the same experiment. This demonstrates that the nontranscribed sequences upstream from the rp55-1 gene, which are present in the fusion, are sufficient to mediate the change in rates of synthesis characteristic of ribosomal proteins under these conditions. The results also suggest that a change in transcription rates is mainly responsible for the increase in relative rates of synthesis of ribosomal proteins during a nutritional upshift in S. cerevisiae.

Association of RAP1 binding sites with stringent control of ribosomal protein gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2723-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Moehle ◽  
A G Hinnebusch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Genes ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Stringent Control

An amino acid limitation in bacteria elicits a global response, called stringent control, that leads to reduced synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal proteins and increased expression of amino acid biosynthetic operons. We have used the antimetabolite 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole to cause histidine limitation as a means to elicit the stringent response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fusions of the yeast ribosomal protein genes RPL16A, CRY1, RPS16A, and RPL25 with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene were used to show that the expression of these genes is reduced by a factor of 2 to 5 during histidine-limited exponential growth and that this regulation occurs at the level of transcription. Stringent regulation of the four yeast ribosomal protein genes was shown to be associated with a nucleotide sequence, known as the UASrpg (upstream activating sequence for ribosomal protein genes), that binds the transcriptional regulatory protein RAP1. The RAP1 binding sites also appeared to mediate the greater ribosomal protein gene expression observed in cells growing exponentially than in cells in stationary phase. Although expression of the ribosomal protein genes was reduced in response to histidine limitation, the level of RAP1 DNA-binding activity in cell extracts was unaffected. Yeast strains bearing a mutation in any one of the genes GCN1 to GCN4 are defective in derepression of amino acid biosynthetic genes in 10 different pathways under conditions of histidine limitation. These Gcn- mutants showed wild-type regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression, which suggests that separate regulatory pathways exist in S. cerevisiae for the derepression of amino acid biosynthetic genes and the repression of ribosomal protein genes in response to amino acid starvation.

scholarly journals Defective Ribosomal Protein Gene Expression Alters Transcription, Translation, Apoptosis, and Oncogenic Pathways in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

Stem Cells ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 2034-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna T. Gazda ◽  
Alvin T. Kho ◽  
Despina Sanoudou ◽  
Jan M. Zaucha ◽  
Isaac S. Kohane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Diamond Blackfan Anemia ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways

scholarly journals Retrotransposon expression as a defining event of genome reprograming in fertilized and cloned bovine embryos

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
L C Bui ◽  
A V Evsikov ◽  
D R Khan ◽  
C Archilla ◽  
N Peynot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Cdna Array ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposons ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Cloned Bovine

Genome reprograming is the ability of a nucleus to modify its epigenetic characteristics and gene expression pattern when placed in a new environment. Low efficiency of mammalian cloning is attributed to the incomplete and aberrant nature of genome reprograming after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in oocytes. To date, the aspects of genome reprograming critical for full-term development after SCNT remain poorly understood. To identify the key elements of this process, changes in gene expression during maternal-to-embryonic transition in normal bovine embryos and changes in gene expression between donor cells and SCNT embryos were compared using a new cDNA array dedicated to embryonic genome transcriptional activation in the bovine. Three groups of transcripts were mostly affected during somatic reprograming: endogenous terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and mitochondrial transcripts were up-regulated, while genes encoding ribosomal proteins were downregulated. These unexpected data demonstrate specific categories of transcripts most sensitive to somatic reprograming and likely affecting viability of SCNT embryos. Importantly, massive transcriptional activation of LTR retrotransposons resulted in similar levels of their transcripts in SCNT and fertilized embryos. Taken together, these results open a new avenue in the quest to understand nuclear reprograming driven by oocyte cytoplasm.

scholarly journals Ribosomal protein gene deletions in Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. 6943-6951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason E. Farrar ◽  
Adrianna Vlachos ◽  
Eva Atsidaftos ◽  
Hannah Carlson-Donohoe ◽  
Thomas C. Markello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Genes ◽  
Gene Deletions ◽  
Diamond Blackfan Anemia ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital BM failure syndrome characterized by hypoproliferative anemia, associated physical abnormalities, and a predisposition to cancer. Perturbations of the ribosome appear to be critically important in DBA; alterations in 9 different ribosomal protein genes have been identified in multiple unrelated families, along with rarer abnormalities of additional ribosomal proteins. However, at present, only 50% to 60% of patients have an identifiable genetic lesion by ribosomal protein gene sequencing. Using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array to evaluate for regions of recurrent copy variation, we identified deletions at known DBA-related ribosomal protein gene loci in 17% (9 of 51) of patients without an identifiable mutation, including RPS19, RPS17, RPS26, and RPL35A. No recurrent regions of copy variation at novel loci were identified. Because RPS17 is a duplicated gene with 4 copies in a diploid genome, we demonstrate haploinsufficient RPS17 expression and a small subunit ribosomal RNA processing abnormality in patients harboring RPS17 deletions. Finally, we report the novel identification of variable mosaic loss involving known DBA gene regions in 3 patients from 2 kindreds. These data suggest that ribosomal protein gene deletion is more common than previously suspected and should be considered a component of the initial genetic evaluation in cases of suspected DBA.

scholarly journals MYSM1 maintains ribosomal protein gene expression in hematopoietic stem cells to prevent hematopoietic dysfunction

JCI Insight ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jad I. Belle ◽  
HanChen Wang ◽  
Amanda Fiore ◽  
Jessica C. Petrov ◽  
Yun Hsiao Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Transcriptional regulation of ribosomal proteins during a nutritional upshift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2429-2435
Author(s):  
D M Donovan ◽  
N J Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Gene ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Yeast Genome ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

The relative rates of synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal proteins increase coordinately during a nutritional upshift. We constructed a gene fusion which contained 528 base pairs of sequence upstream from and including the TATA box of ribosomal protein gene rp55-1 (S16A-1) fused to a CYC1-lacZ fusion. This fusion was integrated in single copy at the rp55-1 locus in the yeast genome. During a nutritional upshift, in which glucose was added to cells growing in an ethanol-based medium, we found that the increase in the relative rate of synthesis of the beta-galactosidase protein product followed the same kinetics as the change in relative rates of synthesis of several ribosomal proteins measured in the same experiment. This demonstrates that the nontranscribed sequences upstream from the rp55-1 gene, which are present in the fusion, are sufficient to mediate the change in rates of synthesis characteristic of ribosomal proteins under these conditions. The results also suggest that a change in transcription rates is mainly responsible for the increase in relative rates of synthesis of ribosomal proteins during a nutritional upshift in S. cerevisiae.

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