scholarly journals Dietary regulation of mammary lipogenesis in lactating rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Grigor ◽  
S M Warren
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Dietary Regulation ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The proportion of medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0) in rat milk increased significantly between day 4 and day 8 of lactation and for the remainder of lactation these acids comprised 40-50mol% of the total fatty acids. The milk fatty acid composition from day 8 was markedly dependent on the presence of dietary fat and altered to include the major fatty acids of the fats (peanut oil, coconut oil and linseed oil). The distribution of fatty acids made within the gland, however, was independent of dietary lipid and C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0 acids accounted for over 70% of the fatty acids made. The rates of lipogenesis in both the mammary gland and liver determined in vivo after the administration of 3H2O were affected by the presence of dietary lipid. In the mammary gland the rate for rats fed a diet containing peanut oil for 7 days was only one fifth that for rats fed a fat-free diet. Coconut oil also suppressed lipogenesis. Both dietary fats also suppressed lipogenesis in the liver.

FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: I. THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISOMER OF LINOLEIC ACID FROM LINOLENIC ACID

1944 ◽  
Vol 22f (6) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Spectral Method ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Isomeric Acid

Linseed oil that has been hydrogenated to a plastic consistency is subject to a type of deterioration termed "flavour reversion" when heated to temperatures used in baking or frying. Investigation of the course of hydrogenation of linseed oil by the spectral method of Mitchell, Kraybill, and Zscheile (11) has indicated that linolenic acid is converted to an isomeric linoleic acid; this acid differs from naturally occurring linoleic acid in that the double bonds are in such positions that diene conjugation is not produced by high-temperature saponification. In a typical hydrogenation, the concentration of the isomeric acid increased to a maximum, at about iodine number 120, of 18% of the total fatty acids, and at iodine number 80, at which point the plasticity was similar to that of a commercial shortening, the concentration of the isomer was 13%. Evidence is presented that the isomeric linoleic acid in partially hydrogenated linseed oil is responsible for the unpleasant flavour that develops when the oil is heated.

scholarly journals BODY SCRUB VIRGIN COCONUT OIL, COFFEE GROUNDS AND CARBON ACTIVE COCONUT SHELL AS A MOISTURIZER AND SKIN BRIGHTENING

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Putri Desi Eka ◽  
Djamil Ratna ◽  
Faizatun Faizatun
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Black Color

Relevance. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) contains a lot of medium chain fatty acids, combined with coffee grounds (Coffea Arabica Linn.) and activated carbon (Activated carbon coconut Nucifera L) into a preparation that can moisturize and brighten the skin. Objective. The purpose of this study was to make cosmetic cleansing preparations containing three natural ingredients. Methods. This study evaluates the organoleptic body scrub preparations, homogeneity, dispensability, and pH. The ingredients were tested using in-vivo and clinical irritation along with the effectiveness of the preparation (moisture and brightness). Results. Organoleptic testing and homogeneity were confirmed to have dark black color, the distinctive smell of coffee, homogeneity, spreadability in the range of 4 cm, and the pH was at a safe pH for the skin so that irritation results also did not show edema and erythema both in-vivo divided into 3 groups (n = 3) and clinically (n = 30). In addition, this body scrub provides moisture and brightness to the skin for 2 months of use, p <0.05. Conclusions. VCO body scrub preparations, coffee grounds, and activated carbon are preparations that have the potential to be cosmetic cleansers.

scholarly journals Studies of the long-term regulation of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mary SUGDEN ◽  
G. D. Lee FRYER ◽  
A. Karen ORFALI ◽  
A. David PRIESTMAN ◽  
Elaine DONALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration

The administration of a low-carbohydrate/high-saturated-fat (LC/HF) diet for 28 days or starvation for 48 h both increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) activity in extracts of rat hepatic mitochondria, by approx. 2.1-fold and 3.5-fold respectively. ELISAs of extracts of hepatic mitochondria, conducted over a range of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities, revealed that mitochondrial immunoreactive PDHKII (the major PDHK isoform in rat liver) was significantly increased by approx. 1.4-fold after 28 days of LC/HF feeding and by approx. 2-fold after 48 h of starvation. The effect of LC/HF feeding to increase hepatic PDHK activity was retained through hepatocyte preparation, but was decreased on 21 h culture with insulin (100μ-i.u./ml). A sustained (24 h) 2-4-fold elevation in plasma insulin concentration in vivo (achieved by insulin infusion via an osmotic pump) suppressed the effect of LC/HF feeding so that hepatic PDHK activities did not differ significantly from those of (insulin-infused) control rats. The increase in hepatic PDHK activity evoked by 28 days of LC/HF feeding was prevented and reversed (within 24 h) by the replacement of 7% of the dietary lipid with long-chain ω-3 fatty acids. Analysis of hepatic membrane lipid revealed a 1.9-fold increase in the ratio of total polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids to total mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the increased hepatic PDHK activities observed in livers of LC/HF-fed or 48 h-starved rats are associated with long-term actions to increase hepatic PDHKII concentrations. The long-term regulation of hepatic PDHK by LC/HF feeding might be achieved through an impaired action of insulin to suppress PDHK activity. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the diet, rather than the fat content, is a key influence.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS AND FATTY ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
B. B. Migicovsky
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Oils ◽  
Liver Homogenates

Rats were fed diets containing 20% oils and 9% fatty acids and the effect of these compounds on cholesterol metabolism was studied. Unsaturated oils and fatty acids increased total cholesterol in the liver and stimulated the incorporation of C14-acetate into cholesterol both in vivo and in liver homogenates. Saturated material such as coconut oil and lauric acid had the opposite effect with respect to amount of liver cholesterol and to in vivo incorporation. The saturated material had no significant effect on synthesis in homogenates. The effect of oils in the diet was rapid, the stimulating effect of rapeseed oils being observed after the rats had been placed on the diet for as short a period as 3 days.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS AND FATTY ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
B. B. Migicovsky
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Oils ◽  
Liver Homogenates

Rats were fed diets containing 20% oils and 9% fatty acids and the effect of these compounds on cholesterol metabolism was studied. Unsaturated oils and fatty acids increased total cholesterol in the liver and stimulated the incorporation of C14-acetate into cholesterol both in vivo and in liver homogenates. Saturated material such as coconut oil and lauric acid had the opposite effect with respect to amount of liver cholesterol and to in vivo incorporation. The saturated material had no significant effect on synthesis in homogenates. The effect of oils in the diet was rapid, the stimulating effect of rapeseed oils being observed after the rats had been placed on the diet for as short a period as 3 days.

Esterification of free fatty acids in adipocytes: a comparison between octanoate and oleate

2000 ◽  
Vol 349 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen GUO ◽  
Ji-Kyung CHOI ◽  
James L. KIRKLAND ◽  
Barbara E. CORKEY ◽  
James A. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Preadipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Special Diets

Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are present in milk, coconut oil and other foods, and are used therapeutically in special diets for certain disorders of lipid and glucose utilization. Recently, it has become apparent that MCT are not only oxidized in the liver, but are also present in lymph and fat tissue, particularly after chronic treatment. To evaluate the influence of MCT on metabolism in fat cells, we compared incorporation of octanoate and oleate into cellular triacylglycerols of 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as their effects on preadipocyte differentiation. We found that less octanoate than oleate was stored and that more octanoate than oleate was oxidized. Octanoate was esterified to a greater extent at the sn-1,3 position of glyceryl carbons than at the sn-2 position, whereas the opposite was true for oleate. Glycerol release from fat cells pre-treated with octanoate was also greater than from cells pre-treated with oleate, presumably related to the preferential release of octanoate from the sn-1,3 position. Octanoate was not incorporated into lipids in undifferentiated cells and did not induce differentiation in these cells, whereas oleate was readily stored and actually induced differentiation. Incorporation of octanoate into lipids increased as cells differentiated, but reached a maximum of about 10% of the total stored fatty acids. If these effects in vitro also occur in vivo, substitution of octanoate for oleate or other long-chain fatty acids could have the beneficial effect of diminishing fat-cell number and lipid content.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary fats rich in lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic or linoleic acid on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids in cholesterol-fed hamsters

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke A. Trautwein ◽  
Angelika Kunath-Rau ◽  
Juliane Dietrich ◽  
Stephan Drusch ◽  
Helmut F. Erbersdobler
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
Biliary Lipids ◽  
Sunflowerseed Oil

Effects of different dietary fats on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids were determined in male golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) fed on purified diets for 7 weeks. Diets were made by blending different fats containing characteristic fatty acids: butter (14:0 + 16:0), palm stearin (16:0), coconut oil (12:0 + 14:0), rapeseed oil (18:1), olive oil (18:l) and sunflowerseed oil (18:2). In all diets except the sunflowerseed oil diet dietary 18:2 was held constant at 2% energy. Total fat supplied 12% of energy and cholesterol was added at 4 g/kg diet. Plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations were increased by dietary cholesterol. After 7 weeks, plasma cholesterol concentrations were highest with the palm Stearin, coconut oil and olive oil diets (8·9, 8·9 and 9·2 mmol/l) and lowest with the rapeseed oil and sdowerseed oil diets (6·7 and 5·5 mmol/l) while the butter diet was intermediate (8·5 mmol/l). Hepatic cholesterol concentration was highest in hamsters fed on the olive oil diet and lowest with the palm stearin diet (228v. 144 µmol/g liver). Biliary lipids, lithogenic index and bile acid profile of the gall-bladder bile did not differ significantly among the six diets. Although the gallstone incidence was generally low in this study, three out of 10 hamsters fed on the palm stearin diet developed cholesterol gallstones. In contrast, no cholesterol gallstones were found with the other diets. Rapeseed and dowerseed oils caused the lowest plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations whereas olive oil failed to demonstrate a cholesterol-lowering effect compared with diets rich in saturated fatty acids. Since 18:2 was kept constant at 2% of energy in all diets, the different responses to rapeseed and olive oils could possibly be attributed to their different contents of 16:0 (5·6 %v. 12·8% respectively). Other possible explanations are discussed.

scholarly journals Essential fatty acids in the liver and adipose tissue of genetically obese mice: effect of supplemental linoleic and γ-linolenic acids

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C Cunnane ◽  
M. S. Manku ◽  
D. F. Horrobin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Evening Primrose Oil ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Tissue Lipids

1. Genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and their lean litter-mates were given diets iso-energetically supplemented with sucrose, hydrogenated coconut oil, safflower oil or evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil.2. Weight gain over 15 weeks was significantly greater in the evening primrose oil-supplemented obese mice than in the other groups.3. In all the groups of obese mice, liver total phospholipids contained proportionally less linoleic acid and more dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid than did the lean controls.4. As a percentage of total fatty acids, n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) in liver and adipose tissue lipids were significantly lower in the obese mice than in the lean controls.5. Supplementation with EFA-rich oils (safflower and evening primrose oil) increased the proportional composition of n-6 EFA and decreased the n-3 EFA more in the liver total phospholipids of the lean than the obese mice.

scholarly journals Fatty acid profile of fillet, liver and mesenteric fat in tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) fed vegetable oil supplementation in the finishing period of fattening

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
T. Molnár ◽  
J. Biró ◽  
C. Hancz ◽  
R. Romvári ◽  
D. Varga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Mesenteric Fat

Abstract. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) previously reared on a commercial feed were shifted to 3 experimental diets with added 5 % of soybean, linseed oil or fish oils, for 42 days as a finishing diet, according to literature recommendations. Fillet, liver and mesenteric fat total lipid fatty acid composition was determined and evaluated taking health and dietary recommendations into consideration. It was found that dietary vegetable oil fatty acids are effectively incorporated into tilapia hepatic and muscular total lipids, but have no pronounced effect on further fatty acid metabolism, in particular on the n-3 fatty acids. Liver was found to sensitively indicate elevated dietary lipid intake, as proven by its higher, most probably endogenous palmitate synthesis. Based on our results the application of vegetable oils to partially substitute fish oil for tilapia can be recommended in relation to the most important dietary lipid quality indicators.

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