scholarly journals The metabolism of four sulphonamides in cows

1973 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poul Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Acetyl Derivative ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Unchanged Drug ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Drugs In Blood ◽  
Conjugated Metabolites

1. The metabolism of sulphanilamide, sulphadimidine (4,6-dimethyl-2-sulphanilamidopyrimidine), sulphamethoxazole (5-methyl-3-sulphanilamidoisoxazole) and sulphadoxine (5,6-dimethoxy-4-sulphanilamidopyrimidine) given by intravenous injection has been examined in cows. 2. The sulphonamides were present mainly as unchanged drugs in blood samples collected 2h after administration. 3. The sulphonamides were excreted in the milk partly as unchanged drugs and partly as conjugated metabolites whereas only small amounts were excreted as the N4-acetyl derivatives. 4. The unchanged drug and the N4-acetyl derivative were the major constituents in urine samples after administration of sulphanilamide, sulphamethoxazole and sulphadoxine. 5. Besides the unchanged drug, the N4-acetyl derivative and the conjugated metabolites, three further metabolites of sulphadimidine were isolated from urine samples and identified. They were 5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-sulphanilamidopyrimidine, 4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-2-sulphanilamidopyrimidine and sulphaguanidine.

scholarly journals Biochemical Assessment of Renal and Liver Function among Preeclamptics in Lagos Metropolis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Oloruntoba Ayodele Ekun ◽  
Oluwatumininu Mary Olawumi ◽  
Christian Chigozie Makwe ◽  
Nkeiruka Ogochukwu Ogidi
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Specific Syndrome

Objectives. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific syndrome. Studies have shown that preeclampsia has multiorgan dysfunction effects. This study evaluated biomarkers of renal and liver function among preeclamptic Nigerian women. Study Design. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 49 preeclamptic women and 50 normotensive healthy pregnant women. Method. The baseline data comprising age, gestational age, and blood pressure were obtained. Venous blood and spot urine samples were collected from each participant. Plasma obtained from blood samples taken into lithium heparinized vacutainer bottles was assayed for electrolytes, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, and uric acid, while sera samples from blood samples taken into serum separation tube- (SST-) gel vacutainer were assayed for aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase using ion selective electrode technique and Cobas autoanalyzer. Spot urine samples were assayed for protein and creatinine using Pyrogallol’s reagent and Jaffe’s methods, respectively. Microalbuminuria (protein/creatinine ratio) was generated from spot urine protein and creatinine data. Result. The plasma sodium, total protein, and albumin in preeclamptic group were significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared with control. There was statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in microalbuminuria, plasma potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid levels, serum AST, and ALT activities in preeclamptic group. A positive association (p<0.05) between alanine aminotransferase and biomarkers of renal function was observed. Conclusion. Preeclampsia has deleterious effects on renal and liver function as shown by alteration of these parameters.

Performance Profiling: A Role for Sport Science in the Fight Against Doping?

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yorck Olaf Schumacher ◽  
Torben Pottgiesser
Keyword(s):  
Urine Samples ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Performance Profiling ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
As Doping ◽  
Biological Approach ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

In recent years, antidoping strategies underwent a significant development, from purely biochemical analyses and the detection of substances in urine samples to a biological approach, using blood samples, longitudinal monitoring, and probabilistic techniques. Nowadays, the appropriate timing of testing and the targeting of the athletes to be tested with antidoping tests is a major issue. A new strategy to improve the targeting of suspicious athletes might be the longitudinal monitoring of individual performances. By these means, suspect athletes might be identified, as doping will not only alter their blood or steroid profles, but ultimately boost their performance, as well. Through the proposed approach, the effectiveness in the fight against doping might be improved considerably.

Interference by Naproxen in the Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Assay is Due to a Metabolite, Desmethylnaproxen

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
P L Walker ◽  
B R Pettit ◽  
M Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Spectrophotometric Assay ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Unchanged Drug ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Interference by naproxen in the spectrophotometric assay for urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid has been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that ingestion of naproxen was associated with the production of four urinary components, unchanged drug and three metabolites, the major one being desmethylnaproxen. Unlike naproxen, this metabolite reacted in the spectrophotometric assay giving a product with the same absorption spectrum as that observed in urine samples obtained after naproxen ingestion. Unlike 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the colour due to desmethylnaproxen is thermolabile and so the interference may be overcome by performing the incubation at 100°C.

scholarly journals Exceptional circumstances beyond International Swimming Federation Doping Control Rules: The Sun Yang case of Court of Arbitration for Sport

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-143
Author(s):  
Evgenia G. Vetrova ◽  
Raisa I. Khalatova ◽  
Anastasia A. Kashaeva
Keyword(s):  
Doping Control ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency

The authors refer to the exceptional circumstances surrounding Sun Yang’s violation. The athlete intervened in the doping control procedure in several ways. First, he questioned the proper accreditation of the IDTM’s (The company “International Doping Tests and Management”) Samples Collection Personnel, one of which photographed him. This officer was suspended from urine sampling, but there was no longer a male specialist on the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel. Therefore, the collection of urine samples did not take place due to the athlete’s actions. A general distrust of IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel due to inappropriate photographing was the catalyst for follow-up action. Secondly, the athlete required IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel to confirm his credentials (accreditation) from the anti-doping organization, despite the submission of documents by IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel following the International Standard for Testing and Investigations. Not having received the additional and, in the opinion of the athlete, necessary documents, he refused to participate in the doping control procedure as a whole, tearing up his previously given written consent. Finally, the athlete took part in the destruction of blood samples with a hammer, but his role in this process was controversial. A prerequisite for the destruction process of the samples was the assistance of the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel, who handed them over to the athlete in response to insistent demands. The listed circumstances, which are exceptional, however, could not affect the reduction of Sun Yang’s period of ineligibility, since the FINA (International Swimming Federation) Doping Control Rules, based on WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) Code 2015, do not imply such a basis. The new WADA Code 2021 offers a more flexible concept of liability and takes into account exceptional circumstances that in subsequent disputes about tampering can be established based on the example of the dispute CAS 2019/A/6148.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of the Estrogens Daidzein, Formononetin, Coumestrol, and Equol in Bovine Blood Plasma and Urine

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 938-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjorn J O Lundh ◽  
Hans Pettersson ◽  
Karl-Heinz Kiessling
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for the determination of the plant estrogens daidzein, formononetin, and coumestrol and the estrogenically active metabolite equol in bovine blood plasma and urine. The blood and urine samples are incubated overnight with and without β3-glucuronidase/sulfatase for analysis of both free and conjugated forms of estrogens. Samples are applied to Extrelut ® columns, extracted with ethyl acetate, and evaporated to dryness. Residues from urine samples are dissolved in methanol, diluted with water, acidified with HCl, and purified by injection through a Sep-Pak® C,8 cartridge. This eluate is used for LC analysis. Residues from blood samples are dissolved in benzene-petroleum ether (1 + 1), extracted with ammonium hydroxide, acidified with glacial acetic acid, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract is evaporated, dissolved in 80% methanol, injected onto a LC reversephase column, and separated in a linear gradient system between 40 and 80% methanol in phosphate buffer. Quantitation is performed by means of UV and fluorescence responses. The method was sensitive enough to determine 0.4 μg/mL of daidzein and formononetin and 0.1 and 13 ng/mL of coumestrol and equol, respectively, in blood, and 130,80, and 7 ®g/mL of daidzein, formononetin, and coumestrol, respectively, and 4 Mg/mL of equol in urine. The applicability of the method was checked by the determination of total and free plant estrogens in blood samples from a dairy cow fed a normal diet.

The microbial characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and healthy subjects.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16546-e16546
Author(s):  
Wenjing Lv ◽  
Jing Zuo ◽  
Yudong Wang ◽  
Zhisong Fan ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Α Diversity

e16546 Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. Investigation of the esophageal microbiome is a relatively new field. Recently, we discovered the microbial characteristics among the healthy subjects and patients with ESCC. Methods: DNA was extracted from blood, oral mucosa, saliva, urine, faeces samples from 28 healthy and 26 ESCC cases. Pfu high fidelity DNA polymerase was used for PCR amplification. The PCR amplification products were quantified. Then the sequencing library was prepared. The V3V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced with Novaseq-PE250. In order to comprehensively evaluate the α diversity of microbial communities, we used Chao1 and Observed Species indices to characterize the richness, Shannon and Simpson indices to characterize the diversity. PCoA, NMDS and Distance Matrix were used to analyze differences in β diversity. Results: At the phylum level, the top 5 microbes in both ESCC and healthy samples are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria. At the genus level, the microbial composition of patients with ESCC and healthy samples was significantly different. However, the bacteria composition in blood samples was the same as the urine samples not only in patients with ESCC but also in healthy samples. Blood and urine samples of patients with ESCC contained Cupriavidus, Vogesella, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Ochrobactrum, Sediminibacterium and the healthy samples contained Ochrobactrum, Sediminibacterium, Acinetobacter. The same rule occurred in oral mucosa and saliva samples. Faeces samples of esophageal cancer patients included Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Gemmiger, Blautia, Coprococcus. However, the healthy samples included Gemmiger, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Dialister, Bifidobacterium. A comparison of esophageal cancer patients and healthy samples showed that α diversity was significantly different both in blood samples and urine samples. No statistically significant differences were detected within oral mucosa, saliva, faeces samples of esophageal cancer patients and healthy samples. β diversity was different in urine samples. Conclusions: Further understanding of the changes in the esophageal microbiome may help us understand the pathogenesis and the natural history of disease and present potential therapeutic approaches.

Cocaine and exercise: temporal changes in plasma levels of catecholamines, lactate, glucose, and cocaine

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (3) ◽  
pp. E438-E444 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Han ◽  
K. P. Kelly ◽  
G. W. Fellingham ◽  
R. K. Conlee
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Elimination Half

To determine the combined sympathoadrenal effects of cocaine and exercise in awake animals, rats were assigned to one of four treatment groups: saline-rest (SR), saline-exercise (SE), cocaine-rest (CR), and cocaine-exercise (CE). Venous blood samples from jugular catheters were obtained at -40, 0-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 26, and 36 min after intravenous injection of cocaine (5 mg/kg) or saline and the simultaneous onset of a 16-min treadmill run (26 m/min, 10% grade). CE increased plasma epinephrine (24.2 nM at 16 min), norepinephrine (28.0 nM at 10 min), and lactate (11.2 mM at 4 min) to levels 2-5 times greater than either treatment (SE and CR) alone (P<0.05) and 11-35 times higher that SR. Blood glucose values were significantly depressed in CE (-33% vs. SE) but increased in CR (+26% vs. SR). Plasma cocaine peaked < 2 min after injection in both CR and CE, and the peak was 69% higher in CE (P<0.05); however, the plasma elimination half-life (12-14 min) was not different. These results indicate that the combined effect of the two sympathoadrenal stimulants, exercise and cocaine, amplify the catecholamine responses to levels far greater than when each stimulant is used alone.

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