scholarly journals Development of the activities of enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway during early stages of pea-seed germination

1972 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Green ◽  
D. J. Baisted
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Mevalonate Kinase ◽  
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Isoprenoid Pathway ◽  
Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Pea Seed ◽  
Germination Stage ◽  
Squalene Synthetase

The activities of individual enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway from mevalonate kinase to squalene synthetase in homogenates of seeds germinated up to 32h were assayed. Changes in the activity of each enzyme were observed and compared with the activity at the 2h germination stage. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase were similarly measured to provide a reference for changes in the general metabolic activity of seeds during imbibition of water. Water uptake reached a plateau after 12h. The reference enzymes almost doubled in activity between 2 and 8h and thereafter their activities steadily declined. All of the enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway increased in activity between 2 and 6h and, thereafter, with the exception of the prenyltransferase, their activities remained relatively constant. With the prenyltransferase activity the initial increase was followed by a short plateau between 6 and 9h and then a second increase to a maximum between 14 and 16h. After 16h the activity declined. The relative activities of the isoprenoid enzymes at 16h of germination were mevalonate kinase>phosphomevalonate kinase>pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase≈isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase>squalene synthetase>isopentenyl pyrophosphate/dimethylallyl pyrophosphate prenyltransferase. The finding that the prenyltransferase may be the rate-limiting enzyme in squalene synthesis from mevalonate is discussed in relation to regulation of isoprenoid synthesis during pea-seed germination.

scholarly journals Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber at the germination stage: Root development and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 2161-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe de la Rosa ◽  
Martha Laura López-Moreno ◽  
David de Haro ◽  
Cristian E. Botez ◽  
José R. Peralta-Videa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Spectroscopy Studies ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Germination Stage

Past reports indicate that some nanoparticles (NPs) affect seed germination; however, the biotransformation of metal NPs is still not well understood. This study investigated the toxicity on seed germination/root elongation and the uptake of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Seeds were treated with ZnO NPs at 0–1600 mg L–1 as well as 0–250 mg L–1 Zn2+ for comparison purposes. Results showed that at 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs, germination in cucumber increased by 10 %, and alfalfa and tomato germination were reduced by 40 and 20 %, respectively. At 250 mg Zn2+ L–1, only tomato germination was reduced with respect to controls. The highest Zn content was of 4700 and 3500 mg kg–1 dry weight (DW), for alfalfa seedlings germinated in 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs and 250 mg L–1 Zn2+, respectively. Bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicated that ZnO NPs were probably biotransformed by plants. The edge energy positions of NP-treated samples were at the same position as Zn(NO3)2, which indicated that Zn in all plant species was as Zn(II).

Action of nitric oxide on the physiological potential and biochemical mechanisms of pea seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Coelho Sekita ◽  
Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias ◽  
Daniel Teixeira Pinheiro ◽  
Aparecida Leonir da Silva ◽  
Antônio César Batista Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Water Control ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Germination Vigor ◽  
Pea Seed

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) can act in biochemical pathways of the germination process; however, there is little information about how it acts on the performance of pea seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of NO on pea seed germination and vigor. Pea seeds cv. Itapuã 600 obtained from three seed lots with different levels of physiological quality were sown in a substrate moistened with water (control) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) solution, a NO donor (50 μM), to assess germination, vigor, activity of antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and amylase activity. NO application does not alter pea seed germination, but it increases vigor. It is more effective in seeds with lower physiological potential. In addition, NO leads to reduction in oxidative stress, favors the translocation of reserves to the embryo, and has potential for use in the treatment of pea seeds to increase seed vigor.

Distinct ethylene- and tissue-specific regulation of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases during pea seed germination

Planta ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Petruzzelli ◽  
Christian Kunz ◽  
Rosa Waldvogel ◽  
Frederick Meins Jr. ◽  
Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Pea Seed

scholarly journals The isoprenoid alcohol pathway, a synthetic route for isoprenoid biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 12810-12815 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Clomburg ◽  
Shuai Qian ◽  
Zaigao Tan ◽  
Seokjung Cheong ◽  
Ramon Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Commodity Chemicals ◽  
Central Carbon ◽  
Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate

The more than 50,000 isoprenoids found in nature are all derived from the 5-carbon diphosphates isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Natively, IPP and DMAPP are generated by the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways, which have been engineered to produce compounds with numerous applications. However, as these pathways are inherently constrained by carbon, energy inefficiencies, and their roles in native metabolism, engineering for isoprenoid biosynthesis at high flux, titer, and yield remains a challenge. To overcome these limitations, here we develop an alternative synthetic pathway termed the isoprenoid alcohol (IPA) pathway that centers around the synthesis and subsequent phosphorylation of IPAs. We first established a lower IPA pathway for the conversion of IPAs to isoprenoid pyrophosphate intermediates that enabled the production of greater than 2 g/L geraniol from prenol as well as limonene, farnesol, diaponeurosporene, and lycopene. We then designed upper IPA pathways for the generation of (iso)prenol from central carbon metabolites with the development of a route to prenol enabling its synthesis at more than 2 g/L. Using prenol as the linking intermediate further facilitated an integrated IPA pathway that resulted in the production of nearly 0.6 g/L total monoterpenoids from glycerol as the sole carbon source. The IPA pathway provides an alternative route to isoprenoids that is more energy efficient than native pathways and can serve as a platform for targeting a repertoire of isoprenoid compounds with application as high-value pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, and fuels.

scholarly journals A Salt Tolerance Evaluation Method for Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at the Seed Germination Stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Li ◽  
Huizhen Zhang ◽  
Youling Zeng ◽  
Lijun Xiang ◽  
Zhonghua Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Germination Stage

scholarly journals QM/MM studies of the type II isopentenyl diphosphate–dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase demonstrate a novel role for the flavin coenzyme

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (36) ◽  
pp. 22286-22293
Author(s):  
Qianqian Hou ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
Wenshen Zhang ◽  
Kejian Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Dimethylallyl Diphosphate ◽  
Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate

The type II isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI-2) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).

scholarly journals Germination of dimorphic seeds of Suaeda moquinii under high salinity stress

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ajmal Khan ◽  
Bilquees Gul ◽  
Darrell J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
The Family ◽  
Black Seeds ◽  
Germination Stage

Suaeda moquinii (Torrey) Greene (desert blite), a succulent shrub in the family Chenopodiaceae, is widely distributed in salt marshes of the western United States. Suaeda moquinii produces dimorphic seeds (soft brown and hard black). Both types of seeds were collected from a salt marsh in Faust, Utah. Experiments were conducted to determine the seed germination responses of the black and brown seeds to salinity and temperature. Brown seeds were found to be one of the most salt tolerant at the germination stage when compared to other halophytes. Brown seeds germinated (30%) at 1000 mM NaCl, but only a few black seeds germinated (8%) at 600 mM NaCl. Seed germination occurred in most saline treatments at the lowest thermoperiod (5–15˚C) tested. In some salinity treatments (600, 800, 1000 mM), further increases in temperature resulted in progressively decreased seed germination. Brown seeds germinated better and had a higher germination rate (germination velocity) than black seeds at all thermoperiods. The highest rate of germination of black seeds occurred at the lowest thermoperiod (5–15˚C). Recovery of germination for black seeds when transferred to distilled water after being in various salinity treatments for 20 days was nearly complete (82–100%) at the lowest thermoperiod (5–15˚C) but decreased with increase in the temperature. Brown seeds recovered substantially (59–97%) from salinity at all thermoperiods. Regression analyses indicated significant differences between the germination recovery of the black and brown seeds.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of geraniol and nerol and their β-d-glucosides in Perlargonium graveolens and Rosa dilecta

1972 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek V. Banthorpe ◽  
Geoffrey N. J. Le Patourel ◽  
Martin J. O. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Labelling Pattern ◽  
Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Pelargonium Graveolens ◽  
Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate

1. 3R-[2-14C]Mevalonate was incorporated into geranyl and neryl β-d-glucosides in petals of Rosa dilecta in up to 10.6% yield, and the terpenoid part was specifically and equivalently labelled in the moieties derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. A similar labelling pattern, with incorporations of 0.06–0.1% was found for geraniol or nerol formed in leaves of Pelargonium graveolens The former results provide the best available evidence for the mevalonoid route to regular monoterpenes in higher plants. 2. Incorporation studies with 3RS-[2-14C,(4R)-4-3H1]-mevalonate and its (4S)-isomer showed that the pro-4R hydrogen atom of the precursor was retained and the pro-4S hydrogen atom was eliminated in both alcohols and both glucosides. These results suggest that the correlation of retention of the pro-4S hydrogen atom of mevalonate with formation of a cis-substituted double bond, such as has been found in certain higher terpenoids, does not apply to the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. It is proposed that either nerol is derived from isomerization of geraniol or the two alcohols are directly formed by different prenyltransferases. Possible mechanisms for these processes are discussed. 3. The experiments with [14C,3H]mevalonate also show that in these higher plants, as has been previously found in animal tissue and yeast, the pro-4S hydrogen atom of mevalonate was lost in the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.

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