scholarly journals Biosynthesis of phytoquinones. Homogentisic acid: a precursor of plastoquinones, tocopherols and α-tocopherolquinone in higher plants, green algae and blue–green algae

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Whistance ◽  
D. R. Threlfall
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Homogentisic Acid ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Tracer Experiments

1. By means of 14C tracer experiments and isotope competition experiments the roles of d-tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, homogentisic acid and homoarbutin (2-methylquinol 4-β-d-glucoside) in the biosynthesis of plastoquinones, tocopherols and α-tocopherolquinone by maize shoots was investigated. It was established that d-tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and homogentisic acid can all be utilized for this purpose, whereas p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, phenylacetic acid and homoarbutin cannot. Studies on the mode of incorporation of d-tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and homogentisic acid showed that their nuclear carbon atoms and the side-chain carbon atom adjacent to the nucleus give rise (as a C6-C1 unit) to the p-benzoquinone rings and nuclear methyl groups (one in each case) of plastoquinone-9 and α-tocopherolquinone and the aromatic nuclei and nuclear methyl groups (one in each case) of γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol. 2. By using [14C]-homogentisic acid it has been shown that homogentisic acid is also a precursor of plastoquinone, tocopherols and α-tocopherolquinone in the higher plants Lactuca sativa and Rumex sanguineus, the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis and the blue–green alga Anacystis nidulans.

The Biosynthesis of Phenylacetic Acids in the Blue-Green Alga Anacystis nidulans: Evidence for the Involvement of a Thylakoid-Bound ʟ-Amino Acid Oxidase

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Löffelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Anacystis Nidulans ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Reaction Sequence ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Abstract Phenylacetic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid are formed upon incubation of photosynthetic membranes from the prokaryotic alga Anacystis nidulans with ʟ-phenylalanine and ʟ-tyrosine, respectively. The corresponding phenylpyruvic acids act as intermediates as shown by trapping them as the stable oximino acids. The first step in this reaction sequence appears to be catalyzed by a thylakoid-bound ʟ-amino acid oxidase. Already existing evidence concerning phenylacetic acid formation at thylakoid membranes of higher plants via an ʟ-amino acid oxidase and the results obtained with A. nidulans give another example of aromatic amino acids between chloroplasts and blue-green algae.

Creativity Thinks on the Significances of Geobiology about the Coal Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Shuo Fu Tian ◽  
Chao Jin Lu ◽  
Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Coal Petrology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Plants

It is the components, living things evolution processes, development environments, distribution layers and the earliest time for coal series formation that are investigated and studied in detail based on the author’s graduation thesis, the “Geobiology” , the “China coal petrology” and the other’s some references in this paper. And it is considered that mainly two types of the Coal Series might be distinguish in the geologic history in China, respectively consisted of the lower organisms (especially the lower plants, blue-green algae) and higher organisms (especially the higher plants, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, Anthophyta). Meanwhile, the conclusions can be drawn that the development of the organisms is not only controlled by the environments, on the other hand, the environments and their sediments are also affected by the ecologies of the organisms. So the coal bed or coal series can be used as the marks of the environment explanation, perhaps having some Significances of Geobiology. In additional, the relationship with an unconformity or disconformity is discussed here, too.

The formation of homogentisic acid from phenylacetic acid by an Aspergillus sp.

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruo Ueno ◽  
Fumiki Yoshizako ◽  
Atsuo Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Homogentisic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

Homogentisic acid was verified as one of the intermediates of phenylacetic acid metabolism by an Aspergillus species identified as a strain of A. fumigatus, using a replacement culture technique. o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid was also detected in the culture fluid.

scholarly journals Midpoint redox potentials of plant and algal ferredoxins

1977 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Cammack ◽  
K K Rao ◽  
C P Bargeron ◽  
K G Hutson ◽  
P W Andrew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Nostoc Strain

Midpoint potentials of plant-type ferredoxins from a range of sources were measured by redox titrations combined with electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy. For ferredoxins from higher plants, green algae and most red algae, the midpoint potentials (at pH 8.0) were between —390 and —425 mV. Values for the major ferredoxin fractions from blue-green algae were less negative (between —325 and —390 mV). In addition, Spirulina maxima and Nostoc strain MAC contain second minor ferredoxin components with a different potential, —305 mV (the highest so far measured for a plant-algal ferrodoxin) for Spirulina ferrodoxin II, and —455 mV (the lowest so far measured for a plant-algal ferredoxin) for Nostoc strain MAC ferredoxin II. However, two ferredoxins extracted from a variety of the higher plant Pisum sativum (pea) had midpoint potentials that were only slightly different from each other. These values are discussed in terms of possible roles for the ferredoxins in addition to their involvement in photosynthetic electron transport.

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY ON THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GREEN AND BLUE-GREEN ALGAE, AND IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1619-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. W. Hauschild ◽  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
G. Krotkov
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Photosynthetic Bacterium ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Effect Of Light

The effect of light quality on the products of photosynthesis has been studied in two species of green algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus acuminatus, the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa, and the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium sp.The test organism was placed in C14-bicarbonate and illuminated at saturation intensities of red, red plus supplementary blue, blue alone, or white light. After 30 minutes, the distribution of C14 among the products of photosynthesis was determined using the techniques of paper chromatography and autoradiography.At a high concentration of cells of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, blue light caused an increase in C14 in aspartic, glutamic, fumaric, and malic acids and a decrease in sucrose and phosphate esters, although the rate of photosynthesis remained the same. At a low concentration of cells, similar changes were found, and these were accompanied by an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.Similar changes in the distribution of C14 due to blue light were found also in Scenedesmus. In Microcystis, a substantial increase in C14 due to blue light was found only in glutamic acid. The rate of photosynthesis remained the same in both organisms.The results indicate that the nature of the effect of blue light is the same in all of these organisms and in Chlorella vulgaris which was studied previously.Pretreatment in darkness is a prerequisite for a pronounced effect of blue light on the products as well as the rate of photosynthesis.No effect of light quality was found in Chromatium.

scholarly journals The synthesis of acetylcholine by plants

1981 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
B N Smallman ◽  
A Maneckjee
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms

Choline acetyltransferase was demonstrated in nettles (Urtica dioica), peas (Pisum sativum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and blue–green algae by using a Sepharose–CoASH affinity column. The column effected a 1500-fold purification of the enzyme from nettle homogenates and was required for demonstrating activity in the other higher plants. Demonstration of the enzyme in blue-green algae suggests that acetylcholine was a biochemical necessity in the earliest photosynthetic organisms.

Inhibition of Photosystem II-Reactions in Blue-Green Algae by the Antisera to Lutein and Neoxanthin

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg H. Schmid ◽  
Helga List ◽  
Alfons Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Nostoc Muscorum ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Tetramethyl Benzidine

An antiserum to lutein agglutinates thylakoids of Nostoc muscorum and Oscillatoria chalybea. From this it follows that lutein is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane of these blue-green algae. The same result is obtained for an antiserum to neoxanthin. As neoxanthin is supposed not to occur in blue-green algae it follows that in this case the antibody action should be directed towards a carotenoid with allenic structure. The antisera to lutein and neoxanthin inhibit in both investigated algal species photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen-evolving side of photosystem II. Moreover, the inhibition sites of both antisera are identical in Nostoc muscorum and are located between the sites of electron donation of the artificial electron donors tetramethyl benzidene and diphenylcarbazide. In the case of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea the inhibition sites of both antisera differ. Whereas the inhibition site of the antiserum to neoxanthin lies again between the sites of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine and di­phenylcarbazide, the inhibition site of the antiserum to lutein appears to be situated at least partially beyond the site of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine. The degree of inhibition of electron transport reactions with Nostoc muscorum is for both antisera 50 - 60 per cent and is pH-dependent. The pH-optimum lies at pH 7.2 for the antiserum to neoxanthin and at 7.8 for the antiserum to lutein. In comparison to this data the same antisera inhibit electron transport in chloroplasts from higher plants only by 20%. This low degree of inhibition in higher plants is apparently due to the fact that the surfaces of the thylakoids are not accessible to antibodies within the grana. In contrast to this the thylakoid surfaces of blue-green algae are fully accessible because the thylakoids are unstacked. The thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea have the tendency towards aggregation. Therefore, the results concerning the accessibility of the carotenoids to antibodies are not so clear cut as with Nostoc muscorum.

THE METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WITH DIFFERENT SIDE CHAINS BY A PSEUDOMONAS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 761-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Blakley
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Homogentisic Acid ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Phenylbutyric Acid

A strain of Pseudomonas previously used to study the oxidative degradation of phenylacetic acid and phenylpropionic acid has been used to study the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, phenylbutyric acid, and phenylvaleric acid. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was converted to 3, 4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid and the aromatic ring was cleaved between carbons 3 and 4. Previous results showed that cleavage of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid occurred between carbons 2 and 3. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were metabolized by the homogentisic acid pathway. These results, together with results of previous work, suggest that the pathway used for the degradation of aromatic compounds by this organism varies with the nature of the side chain. The metabolism of aromatic compounds with side chains longer than three carbons appears to involve oxidative shortening of the side chain prior to cleavage of the aromatic ring.

scholarly journals The activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase in some species of algae

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Th. Schönherr ◽  
H. M. Keir
Keyword(s):  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Nuclease Activity ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Wide Range

1. The activities of DNA polymerase preparations from the algae Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Anabaena variabilis and Anacystis nidulans were measured. The blue–green algae Anabaena and Anacystis contain a 5–20-fold higher activity of the enzyme than do the green algae. DNA polymerases from the blue–green algae show a pH optimum of 9 and prefer a relatively low Mg2+concentration (1–3mm). DNA polymerases from the green algae, however, display a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.5 and an optimum Mg2+concentration of 8mm. With all algae, a higher polymerase activity was obtained with denatured salmon sperm DNA as template than with native DNA. All four deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates must be present for full activity of the polymerases. 2. With one exception, the deoxyribonuclease activities in the preparations, measured under conditions of the DNA polymerase assay, are low compared with corresponding preparations from Escherichia coli. Chlamydomonas extracts contain a high deoxyribonuclease activity. 3. After purification on columns of DEAE-cellulose, the polymerase activity was linear over a wide range of protein concentrations, except for Chlamydomonas preparations, where the observed deviation from linearity was probably attributable to the high nuclease activity. 4. DNA polymerases from all these algae bind strongly to DNA–cellulose; 6–40-fold purifications of the enzyme were obtained by chromatography on columns of DNA–cellulose. 5. The partially purified polymerases of Euglena and Anacystis are heat-labile but become much more heat-stable when tested in the presence of DNA.

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