scholarly journals Some structural features of the teichuronic acid of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 cell walls

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hughes ◽  
P. F. Thurman
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Teichuronic Acid ◽  
Ultracentrifugal Analysis ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Good Agreement

A teichuronic acid, containing glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, was purified from acid extracts of Bacillus licheniformis 6346 cell walls as described by Janczura, Perkins & Rogers (1961). After reduction of the carboxyl function of glucuronic acid residues in the polysaccharide the reduced polymer contains equimolar amounts of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucose. Methylation of the reduced polysaccharide by the Hakamori (1964) technique showed the glucose residues to be substituted on C-4. A disaccharide, 3-O-glucuronosylgalactosamine, was isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of teichuronic acid. After N-acetylation the disaccharide produces chromogen readily on heating at pH7, in agreement with C-3 substitution of the reducing N-acetylamino sugar. Teichuronic acid also produces chromogen under the same conditions, with concurrent elimination of a modified polysaccharide from C-3 of reducing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues of the teichuronic acid chains. The number-average chain lengths of several preparations of teichuronic acid were estimated from the amounts of chromogen produced in comparison with the N-acetylated disaccharide. The values obtained are in good agreement with the weight-average molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugal analysis. The reducing terminals of teichuronic acid are shown to be exclusively N-acetylgalactosamine by reduction with sodium boro[3H]hydride. The number-average chain lengths of the teichuronic acid preparations were estimated by the extent of in corporation of tritium and are in agreement with values obtained by the other methods.

scholarly journals The teichuronic acid from the walls of Bacillus licheniformis A.T.C.C. 9945

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Lifely ◽  
E Tarelli ◽  
J Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Phosphate Limitation ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Teichuronic Acid

The teichuronic acid of Bacillus licheniformis A.T.C.C. 9945 grown under phosphate limitation was isolated from the cell walls and purified by ion-exchange and Sephadex chromatography. The detailed structure of the polysaccharide was established by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and partial acid hydrolysis. The polymer is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units with the structure [GlcA beta(1 leads to 4)GlcA beta(1 leads to 3)GalNAc beta(1 leads to 6)GalNAc alpha(1 leads to 4)n. 13C n.m.r. analysis has confirmed most of the structural features of the polysaccharide and, in particular, the anomeric configurations and linkage positions of substituents. The teichuronic acid from glucose-limited cells was identical with that from cells grown under phosphate limitation.

scholarly journals Selective extraction of polymers from cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria (Short Communication)

1973 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri G. Pavlik ◽  
Howard J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Teichuronic Acid

Brief heating of Bacillus Licheniformis cell walls at 100°C in aqueous buffers of pH3.0–4.0 removes some polymers but not others from the mucopeptides. For example, relatively undegraded teichuronic acid can be extracted at 100°C in 20min at pH3.0 whereas the teichoic acids are not removed. Similar specificity can be shown with walls from three other species of micro-organism.

scholarly journals Autolysis of isolated cell walls of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain 168. Separation of the products and characterization of the mucopeptide fragments

1970 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Amide Bonds ◽  
Chain Lengths

1. Cell walls were isolated from Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain 168 trp grown on casein hydrolysate into exponential phase. Autolysis was carried out and the soluble products, separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, from the two wall preparations are broadly similar in composition and are in agreement with autolysis proceeding with hydrolysis of amide bonds between l-alanine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues in the mucopeptide components. 2. Peptides originating from the mucopeptide components were isolated and shown to be a monomer peptide, l-alanyl-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and a dimer peptide containing two monomer peptides linked through a residue of d-alanine. Approximately one amide group is present for each equivalent tripeptide unit and is probably substituted on diaminopimelic acid residues. 3. Oligosaccharides originating from the mucopeptide components were isolated and after hydrolysis contained almost equimolar amounts of glucosamine and muramic acid and only very small amounts of amino acids. The number-average chain length, estimated by the release of non-reducing end groups of N-acetylglucosamine with exo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, is approximately ten hexosamine residues for oligosaccharides isolated from either organism. The oligosaccharides are polydisperse. 4. N-Acetylglucosamine residues are the only reducing terminals detectable in the oligosaccharides isolated from B. subtilis or B. licheniformis cell-wall autolysates. The number-average chain lengths of the oligosaccharides were determined by estimation of the content of these residues and are higher than those found by enzymic assay. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.

scholarly journals CURING PROCESS OF BENZOXAZINE SYSTEMS. AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Elangeni Ana Gilbert ◽  
Agustín Forchetti ◽  
Juan Ignacio Pesoa ◽  
Emilio Berkenwald ◽  
Marisa Spontón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
Gel Point ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Curing Kinetic ◽  
Good Agreement

A mathematical model that simulates the curing process of benzoxazine (Bz) systems is presented. The model predicts the conversion, gel point and Tg along the curing process, and considers the diffusional limitations to mass transfer due to the increase in the system viscosity along the process. This model can be used to select an appropriate combination of time and temperature in order to obtain a material with pre-specified properties. The theoretical parameters were adjusted with experi-mental data: conversion, weight-average molecular weight, weight fraction of solubles and Tg. The Bz based on bisphenol A and aniline (BzBA) was used to adjust the model. The curing kinetic of this Bz was followed by FTIR, SEC and DSC, considering five different curing conditions. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated values was ob-served, even when curing is carried out under differ-ent temperatures profiles.

scholarly journals Characterization of structural component of cell walls of alkalophilic strain of Bacillus sp. C-125. Preparation of poly(γ-l-glutamate) from cell wall component

1987 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Aono
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Teichuronic Acid ◽  
Almost All

The cell wall of an alkalophilic strain of Bacillus sp. C-125 is composed of A1 gamma-peptidoglycan, a teichuronic acid and an unknown acidic polymer composed of glutamic acid and glucuronic acid, of which the molar ratio is approx. 4-5:1. Poly(gamma-L-glutamate) was prepared from the acidic polymer by removal of almost all of the glucuronic residues with trifluoromethanesulphonic acid treatment and purified chromatographically. The Mr of the polyglutamate preparation was estimated to be 14,000 by gel chromatography, or 43,000 on the basis of the content of N-terminal acid residues. The acidic polymer found in the cell wall of the organism was concluded to be a polyglutamate substituted with (oligo)glucuronic acid residues or a complex composed of two kinds of polymers (polyglutamate and polyglucuronate).

THE FRACTIONATION OF POLYTHENE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Blackmore ◽  
W. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Distribution Function ◽  
Molecular Weight Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions ◽  
Good Agreement

An apparatus is described for fractionating large quantities (400 g) of polythene into five roughly equal fractions using a fractional precipitation technique. Application of this method of fractionation to a linear polythene has shown that the width of the molecular-weight distribution of the successive fractions decreases as the fractionation proceeds. Consequently, the initial high-molecular-weight fractions require refractionation to produce equally narrow distributions in them as are found in later fractions. Good agreement is obtained with the experimentally determined values of the number-average and weight-average molecular weight for the parent polymer when the measured values of Mn and Mw for each fraction are used to calculate the values for the parent. The differential molecular-weight distribution function of the parent polymer was calculated on a Bendix G-15 computer from the data for the fractions by using the weight, number-average and weight-average molecular weight, measured for each fraction in conjunction with an assumed log-normal or negative binomial molecular-weight distribution function in each fraction.

scholarly journals The teichuronic acid of cell walls of Bacillus subtilis W23 grown in a chemostat under phosphate limitation

1975 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wright ◽  
J E Heckels
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Phosphate Limitation ◽  
Teichuronic Acid

Cell walls of Bacillus subtilis W23 contain teichuronic acid when grown in a chemostat under phosphate limitation at a low dilution rate, but teichoic acid at a higher dilution rate. The teichuronic acid was purified and shown to be a polymer of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine.

scholarly journals The cell wall of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346. Isolation of low-molecular-weight fragments from the soluble mucopeptide

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Peptide Unit

1. Soluble mucopeptide was prepared by lysozyme treatment of acid-extracted walls of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and separated into fractions differing in molecular size by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-50. 2. About 16% of the weight of soluble mucopeptide has a weight-average molecular weight in excess of 20000. About one half has a weight-average molecular weight of less than 2000 and the balance of soluble mucopeptide is of intermediate size. 3. In the mucopeptide fractions isolated from Sephadex there is a correlation between the weight-average molecular weight, the number of non-reducing muramic acid residues and the proportion of diaminopimelic acid residues recovered after treatment with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 4. The extent of cross-linking between peptide side chains is relatively low, even in mucopeptide material of the large molecular size. 5. The small amount of residual phosphorus present in preparations of B. licheniformis soluble mucopeptide remains associated mainly with mucopeptide material of large molecular size. 6. The mucopeptide components of lowest molecular weight are not produced as artifacts during the preparation of soluble mucopeptide, but are apparently incorporated in the insoluble mucopeptide present in walls of exponentially growing cells. 7. Soluble mucopeptide isolated in a complex with acidic polymers after lysozyme treatment of walls of B. licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and Bacillus subtilis W23 retains a high molecular weight when the covalent bonds between mucopeptide and the acidic polymers are broken. 8. Pure fragments were isolated from B. licheniformis soluble mucopeptide. A major component, C1, of the material of smallest size is made up of one residue each of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, l-alanine, glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid. The N-acetylglucosamine is in β-glycosidic linkage with a reducing N-acetylmuramic acid residue. The peptide unit is probably amidated. A quantitatively minor component, C2, has amino acid and amino sugar composition identical with that of component C1, but probably lacks an amide group. Another fragment, B1, is made up of two molecules of component C1 or C2 that are joined together through a molecule of d-alanine.

Structure of the exudate gum from Meryta sinclairii

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Sims ◽  
Richard Furneaux
Keyword(s):  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Linkage Analyses ◽  
Yariv Reagent ◽  
Native Tree ◽  
High Level

A gum that exudes from the wounded trunk of the New Zealand native tree Meryta sinclairii has been isolated. The gum was completely precipitated by the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and was thus determined to be an arabinogalactan-protein (AGP). It contained >95% w/w carbohydrate and only 2% w/w protein with a high level of hydroxyproline. SEC-MALLS showed that the gum had a weight-average molecular weight of 4.45×106Da compared with 6.02×105Da for gum arabic. Constituent sugar and linkage analyses were consistent with polymers comprised of a highly branched backbone of 1,3-linked galactopyranosyl (Galp) residues, with side-chains made up of arabinofuranose- (Araf) containing oligosaccharides, terminated variously by rhamnopyranosyl (Rhap), arabinopyranosyl (Arap), Galp and glucuronopyranosyl (GlcpA) residues. Analysis by one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR experiments confirmed the linkage analyses. The structure of the gum is discussed in comparison with the structure of gum arabic and other AGPs. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular, rheological and physicochemical characterisation of puka gum, an arabinogalactan-protein extracted from the Meryta sinclairii tree

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MSM Wee ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
KKT Goh ◽  
L Matia-Merino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Radius ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Physicochemical Characterisation ◽  
Increasing Temperature

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd A water-soluble polysaccharide (type II arabinogalactan-protein) extracted from the gum exudate of the native New Zealand puka tree (Meryta sinclairii), was characterised for its molecular, rheological and physicochemical properties. In 0.1 M NaCl, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of puka gum is 5.9 × 106 Da with an RMS radius of 56 nm and z-average hydrodynamic radius of 79 nm. The intrinsic viscosity of the polysaccharide is 57 ml/g with a coil overlap concentration 15% w/w. Together, the shape factor, p, of 0.70 (exponent of RMS radius vs. hydrodynamic radius), Smidsrød-Haug's stiffness parameter B of 0.031 and Mark-Houwink exponent α of 0.375 indicate that the polysaccharide adopts a spherical conformation in solution, similar to gum arabic. The pKa is 1.8. The polysaccharide exhibits a Newtonian to shear-thinning behaviour from 0.2 to 25% w/w. Viscosity of the polysaccharide (1 s−1) decreases with decreasing concentration, increasing temperature, ionic strength, and at acidic pH.

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