scholarly journals Characterization of structural component of cell walls of alkalophilic strain of Bacillus sp. C-125. Preparation of poly(γ-l-glutamate) from cell wall component

1987 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Aono
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Teichuronic Acid ◽  
Almost All

The cell wall of an alkalophilic strain of Bacillus sp. C-125 is composed of A1 gamma-peptidoglycan, a teichuronic acid and an unknown acidic polymer composed of glutamic acid and glucuronic acid, of which the molar ratio is approx. 4-5:1. Poly(gamma-L-glutamate) was prepared from the acidic polymer by removal of almost all of the glucuronic residues with trifluoromethanesulphonic acid treatment and purified chromatographically. The Mr of the polyglutamate preparation was estimated to be 14,000 by gel chromatography, or 43,000 on the basis of the content of N-terminal acid residues. The acidic polymer found in the cell wall of the organism was concluded to be a polyglutamate substituted with (oligo)glucuronic acid residues or a complex composed of two kinds of polymers (polyglutamate and polyglucuronate).

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

1988 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM S. YORK ◽  
ALAN G. DARVILL ◽  
MICHAEL MCNEIL ◽  
THOMAS T. STEVENSON ◽  
PETER ALBERSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall components

1986 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. York ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Michael McNeil ◽  
Thomas T. Stevenson ◽  
Peter Albersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL CELL WALLS

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. E. Murray ◽  
W. H. Francombe ◽  
B. H. Mayall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Resistant Strains

Cultures of sensitive stains of Staphylococcus aureus were fixed with osmium tetroxide after 1–5 hours' exposure to various does of pencillin and were embedded in methacrylate for sectioning and electron microscopy. They were compared with untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was increased, by cutting the section of lanthanum nitrate.The cells increased in size and the surrounding cell wall was thinner than normal. The main lesions appeared in the developing cell wall septa, which showed a loss in density and gross irregularity of shape. Some questionable inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm. Lysis was prevented in a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose and the stable spheroplasts retained a recognizable cell wall after 24 hours' exposure to penicillin. However, the septa could not be demonstrated in the cells treated in sucrose medium.Two resistant strains were exposed to penicillin. In one, the cells showed no morphological effects; in the other, there was temporary damage to the cell septa with complete recovery.The observations support the hypothesis that penicillin interferes with the synthesis of a cell wall component and indicate that the main point of cell wall synthesis is at the site of septum formation.

Host-Pathogen Interactions XXX. Characterization of Elicitors of Phytoalexin Accumulation in Soybean Released from Soybean Cell Walls by Endopolygalacturonic Acid Lyase

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Davis ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Peter Albersheim ◽  
Anne Dell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Citrus Pectin ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Cell

Abstract Endopolygalacturonic acid lyase, purified from the phytopathogenic bacterium, Erwinia carotovora, induces phytoalexin accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons. This pectin-degrading enzyme releases heat-stable elicitors of phytoalexin accumulation from soybean cell walls, citrus pectin, and citrus sodium polypectate. The most elicitor-active molecules ob­tained by treating soybean cell walls with endopolygalacturonic acid lyase have been purified and characterized. The cell-wall-derived elicitors are α-1,4-linked oligogalacturonides with degrees of polymerization of eight to twelve residues. The molecules with the highest specific elicitor activity were identified as α-1,4 -linked deca- and undecagalacturonides that contained 4,5-unsaturated galactosyluronic acid at the nonreducing termini.

scholarly journals Characterization of mannanase from Bacillus sp., a novel Codium fragile cell wall-degrading bacterium

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suae Kim ◽  
Mi-Hwa Lee ◽  
Eun-Sook Lee ◽  
Young-Do Nam ◽  
Dong-Ho Seo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Codium Fragile ◽  
Degrading Bacterium

scholarly journals Characterization of Pneumocystis murina Bgl2, an Endo-β-1,3-Glucanase and Glucanosyltransferase

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-665
Author(s):  
Geetha Kutty ◽  
A Sally Davis ◽  
Kaitlynn Schuck ◽  
Mya Masterson ◽  
Honghui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Immunofluorescence Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence

Abstract Glucan is the major cell wall component of Pneumocystis cysts. In the current study, we have characterized Pneumocystis Bgl2 (EC 3.2.1.58), an enzyme with glucanosyltransferase and β-1,3 endoglucanase activity in other fungi. Pneumocystis murina, Pneumocystis carinii, and Pneumocystis jirovecii bgl2 complementary DNA sequences encode proteins of 437, 447, and 408 amino acids, respectively. Recombinant P. murina Bgl2 expressed in COS-1 cells demonstrated β-glucanase activity, as shown by degradation of the cell wall of Pneumocystis cysts. It also cleaved reduced laminaripentaose and transferred oligosaccharides, resulting in polymers of 6 and 7 glucan residues, demonstrating glucanosyltransferase activity. Surprisingly, confocal immunofluorescence analysis of P. murina–infected mouse lung sections using an antibody against recombinant Bgl2 showed that the native protein is localized primarily to the trophic form of Pneumocystis in both untreated mice and mice treated with caspofungin, an antifungal drug that inhibits β-1,3-glucan synthase. Thus, like other fungi, Bgl2 of Pneumocystis has both endoglucanase and glucanosyltransferase activities. Given that it is expressed primarily in trophic forms, further studies are needed to better understand its role in the biology of Pneumocystis.

scholarly journals Combined whole cell wall analysis and streamlined in silico carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery to improve biocatalytic conversion of agricultural crop residues

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Tingley ◽  
Kristin E. Low ◽  
Xiaohui Xing ◽  
D. Wade Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Fine Chemistry ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

AbstractThe production of biofuels as an efficient source of renewable energy has received considerable attention due to increasing energy demands and regulatory incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Second-generation biofuel feedstocks, including agricultural crop residues generated on-farm during annual harvests, are abundant, inexpensive, and sustainable. Unlike first-generation feedstocks, which are enriched in easily fermentable carbohydrates, crop residue cell walls are highly resistant to saccharification, fermentation, and valorization. Crop residues contain recalcitrant polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes. In addition, their cell walls can vary in linkage structure and monosaccharide composition between plant sources. Characterization of total cell wall structure, including high-resolution analyses of saccharide composition, linkage, and complex structures using chromatography-based methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, -omics, and antibody glycome profiling, provides critical insight into the fine chemistry of feedstock cell walls. Furthermore, improving both the catalytic potential of microbial communities that populate biodigester reactors and the efficiency of pre-treatments used in bioethanol production may improve bioconversion rates and yields. Toward this end, knowledge and characterization of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in dynamic biomass deconstruction is pivotal. Here we overview the use of common “-omics”-based methods for the study of lignocellulose-metabolizing communities and microorganisms, as well as methods for annotation and discovery of CAZymes, and accurate prediction of CAZyme function. Emerging approaches for analysis of large datasets, including metagenome-assembled genomes, are also discussed. Using complementary glycomic and meta-omic methods to characterize agricultural residues and the microbial communities that digest them provides promising streams of research to maximize value and energy extraction from crop waste streams.

scholarly journals Protocols for isolating and characterizing polysaccharides from plant cell walls: a case study using rhamnogalacturonan-II

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Barnes ◽  
Sabina Koj ◽  
Ian M. Black ◽  
Stephanie A. Archer-Hartmann ◽  
Parastoo Azadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Size Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan Ii ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

Abstract Background In plants, a large diversity of polysaccharides comprise the cell wall. Each major type of plant cell wall polysaccharide, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, has distinct structures and functions that contribute to wall mechanics and influence plant morphogenesis. In recent years, pectin valorization has attracted much attention due to its expanding roles in biomass deconstruction, food and material science, and environmental remediation. However, pectin utilization has been limited by our incomplete knowledge of its structure. Herein, we present a workflow of principles relevant for the characterization of polysaccharide primary structure using nature’s most complex polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), as a model. Results We outline how to isolate RG-II from celery and duckweed cell walls and from red wine using chemical or enzymatic treatments coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. From there, we applied mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques to determine the glycosyl residue and linkage compositions of the intact RG-II and derived oligosaccharides including special considerations for labile monosaccharides. In doing so, we demonstrated that in the duckweed Wolffiella repanda the arabinopyranosyl (Arap) residue of side chain B is substituted at O-2 with rhamnose. We used electrospray-MS techniques to identify non-glycosyl modifications including methyl-ethers, methyl-esters, and acetyl-esters on RG-II-derived oligosaccharides. We then showed the utility of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to investigate the structure of intact RG-II and to complement the RG-II dimerization studies performed using size-exclusion chromatography. Conclusions The complexity of pectic polysaccharide structures has hampered efforts aimed at their valorization. In this work, we used RG-II as a model to demonstrate the steps necessary to isolate and characterize polysaccharides using chromatographic, MS, and NMR techniques. The principles can be applied to the characterization of other saccharide structures and will help inform researchers on how saccharide structure relates to functional properties in the future.

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