scholarly journals The significance of changes in tissue clearing-factor lipase activity in relation to the lipaemia of pregnancy

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Otway ◽  
D S Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Tissue Clearing ◽  
Triglyceride Fatty Acid

1. The concentration of triglyceride fatty acid in the plasma of the pregnant rat rises to a maximum 2–4 days before parturition. Thereafter there is a rapid decline in the concentration to near normal values at parturition. 2. A similar increase occurs in animals fed on a diet low in fat. There is no increase in food consumption at the time when the triglyceride fatty acid concentration in the plasma is at its peak. 3. Rates of entry of triglyceride fatty acid into the blood during pregnancy have been estimated from the rate of accumulation of triglyceride in the plasma of animals injected with a non-ionic detergent, Triton. A progressive increase occurs in the entry rate as the body weight increases throughout pregnancy. Expressed per constant body weight, the entry rate does not change significantly. 4. Adipose-tissue clearing-factor lipase activity is low at the time when the plasma triglyceride fatty acid concentration is raised. Activity of the enzyme in heart, lung and diaphragm is unchanged. 5. It is suggested that the ‘lipaemia of pregnancy’ may be due to diminished uptake of triglyceride fatty acids by adipose tissue, and, further, that the disappearance of the lipaemia may be due to increased uptake of triglyceride fatty acids by the mammary gland.

scholarly journals Effects of probiotics on loperamide-induced constipation in rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takio Inatomi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Sd Rats

AbstractConstipation, a common health problem, causes discomfort and affects quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of probiotics on loperamide (LP)-induced constipation in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, a well-established animal model of spastic constipation. In total, 100 male SD rats (age, 8 weeks; Japan SLC, Inc., Hamamatsu, Japan) were used in the experiments following a 12-day acclimatisation period. They were randomly divided into two treatment groups (groups 1 and 2) of 50 rats each. Spastic constipation was induced via oral administration of LP (3 mg/kg) for 6 days 1 hour before the administration of each test compound. Similarly, a probiotics solution (4 ml/kg body weight) was orally administered to the rats once a day for 6 days in group 2. In group 1, phosphate buffer solution was orally administered once a day for 6 days 1 hour after each LP administration. The changes in body weight, faecal parameters, short-chain fatty acid concentration in faeces, and faecal immunoglobulin (Ig)-A concentration were recorded. In the present study, the oral administration of probiotics improved faecal parameters, short-chain fatty acid concentration in faeces, and faecal IgA concentration. Our results indicate that probiotics increase the levels of intestinal short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric acid, thereby improving constipation and intestinal immunity.

Effects of cell density on in vitro glucose metabolism by isolated adipocytes

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. E361-E366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Digirolamo ◽  
S. V. Thacker ◽  
S. K. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Cell Concentrations

We studied the effect of variable isolated fat cell concentrations (from 0.17 to 1.25 x 10(6) cells/ml) on rate and pattern of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism by rat epididymal fat cells. Cell concentration did not affect total glucose utilization, but high cell concentrations increased the absolute and relative conversion of glucose to CO2 and glyceride-fatty acids by two- to threefold and decreased the conversion to lactate, pyruvate, and glyceride-glycerol when compared with values observed at low cell concentration. When effects of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and N-6(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA) were examined, addition of ADA to incubated cells produced no significant changes in the rate or pattern of adipocyte glucose metabolism; PIA had a slight and uniform effect on the conversion of glucose to its metabolic products and minimal effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. Medium free fatty acid concentration did not change during the incubation at various cell density, but intracellular free fatty acids were found to be inversely related to fat cell density in the medium. Thus a variable fat cell density influences the pattern of adipocyte glucose metabolism in vitro. This effect may be due to variable rates of lipolysis and resulting changes in intracellular fatty acid concentration rather than to adenosine per se. This work has practical implications in the need to define cell density when carrying out in vitro measurements of adipocyte glucose conversion to products.

ABSORPTION OF STEAM-VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FROM THE RUMEN OF THE COW AS INFLUENCED BY DIET, BUFFERS, AND pH

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS ◽  
G. A. LODGE
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Fatty Acid Absorption

Observations were made on the absorption of steam-volatile fatty acids from the temporarily isolated, washed ventral sac of the rumen of the conscious cow. At pH 7.0, absorption of fatty acids from a 50-mM bicarbonate buffer was similar to that obtained with a 40-mM phosphate buffer. With higher levels of phosphate (75 mM) and bicarbonate (90 mM) at pH 7.0, fatty acid absorption appeared to be lower from the bicarbonate buffer. When cows were fed a high concentrate diet, absorption of fatty acids was more rapid than when the diet had been all hay. Lowering the pH of experimental solutions increased fatty acid absorption. Clearance (amount absorbed divided by the fatty acid concentration) of fatty acids increased progressively with increasing chain length of the acids as the pH dropped below 7. Taking acetate clearance as 1.0, the clearance of propionate and butyrate, respectively, were 1.1 and 1.0 at pH 7.0; 1.2 and 1.4 at pH 6.5; and 1.6 and 2.4 at pH 5.5. Varying acetate and propionate concentrations did not influence the clearance of the fatty acids.

scholarly journals Exploiting Compositionally Similar Grape Marc Samples to Achieve Gradients of Condensed Tannin and Fatty Acids for Modulating In Vitro Methanogenesis

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1793
Author(s):  
Josh Hixson ◽  
Zoey Durmic ◽  
Joy Vadhanabhuti ◽  
Philip Vercoe ◽  
Paul Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Tannin Concentration

Ruminants produce large amounts of the greenhouse gas, methane, which can be reduced by supplementing feed with products that contain anti-methanogenic compounds, such as the solid winemaking by-product, grape marc. The aim of this study was to exploit compositional differences in grape marc to better understand the roles of condensed tannin and fatty acids in altering methanogenesis in a ruminant system. Grape marc samples varying in tannin extractability, tannin size and subunit composition, and fatty acid or tannin concentrations were selected and incubated in rumen fluid using an in vitro batch fermentation approach with a concentrate-based control. Four distinct experiments were designed to investigate the effects on overall fermentation and methane production. Generally, fatty acid concentration in grape marc was associated with decreased total gas volumes and volatile fatty acid concentration, whereas increased condensed tannin concentration tended to decrease methane percentage. Smaller, extractable tannin was more effective at reducing methane production, without decreasing overall gas production. In conclusion, fatty acids and tannin concentration, and tannin structure in grape marc play a significant role in the anti-methanogenic effect of this by-product when studied in vitro. These results should be considered when developing strategies to reduce methane in ruminants by feeding grape marc.

scholarly journals Extracellular fatty acids are not utilized directly for the synthesis of very-low-density lipoprotein in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

1992 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
G F Gibbons ◽  
S M Bartlett ◽  
C E Sparks ◽  
J D Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Extracellular Fatty Acid

In hepatocytes cultured in the presence of oleate (initial concn. 0.75 mM), the secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol and, to a lesser extent, apoprotein B (apoB) increased with time, whereas there was a large decline in the extracellular concentration of fatty acid. There was thus no synchronous relationship between the extracellular fatty acid concentration and the secretion of VLDL. Rather, the appearance of VLDL in the medium was dependent on the intracellular triacylglycerol concentration. At a given concentration of extracellular fatty acid, cells depleted of triacylglycerol secreted less VLDL triacylglycerol and apoB than did control cells. A similar pattern was observed for triacylglycerol newly synthesized from extracellular [3H]oleate. By contrast, the synthesis and output of ketone bodies were directly dependent on the fatty acid concentration of the medium. These results suggest that, at least for oleic acid, extracellular fatty acids are not utilized directly for VLDL assembly, but first enter a temporary intracellular storage pool of triacylglycerol, which is the immediate precursor of secreted triacylglycerol. The size of this pool then determines the rate of secretion of VLDL triacylglycerol apoB. Ketogenesis, on the other hand, relies mainly on the direct utilization of extracellular fatty acids.

Metabolic studies on daily and weekly feeding of ruminants given all-wheat diets. 2. Concentrations of metabolites in blood and ruminal fluid

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Watson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

The respective effects of giving sheep 300 g whole wheat once each day or 2100 g once each week on the products of digestion in the rumen and the concentrations of several metabolites in the blood have been studied. Some studies were also made on cattle offered either daily or weekly rations of whole wheat. Related to the differing patterns of feed consumption on the two regimens, the fluctuations in ruminal fluid parameters were much greater for sheep and cattle fed weekly than on the daily feeding regimens. In sheep the mean total volatile fatty acid concentration and pH in ruminal fluid were similar on the two regimens, while when cattle were fed weekly, the volatile fatty acid concentration was higher (not significantly) and the pH lower. Weekly-fed sheep had lower rumen ammonia and branched-chain volatile fatty acid concentrations, whereas in cattle there was no difference between regimens. The rumen concentration of valeric acid was higher in both sheep and cattle fed weekly. In daily-fed sheep there was no diurnal variation in the concentrations of blood metabolites with the exception of free fatty acids. In contrast in weekly-fed sheep, the large changes in concentration of D(-)-glucose, L(+)-lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, urea and free fatty acids indicated phases of protein synthesis and lipogenesis following feeding, and protein and lipid mobilization at the end of the feeding cycle. It was concluded that in weekly-fed sheep there was a shift in the site of digestion from the rumen to the small intestine, but in cattle there was no evidence that the sites of digestion differed substantially between the two regimens.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diets: effect on adipose tissue metabolism in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. G. Gaíva ◽  
R. C. Couto ◽  
L. M. Oyama ◽  
G. E. C. Couto ◽  
V. L. F. Silveria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Citrate Lyase

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of diets rich in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on adipose tissue metabolism. Starting at weaning, male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum, for 8 weeks with one of the following diets: C, rat chow; S, rat chow containing 15 % (w/w) soyabean oil; F, rat chow containing 15 % (w/w) fish oil; SF, rat chow containing 15 % (w/w) soyabean and fish oil (5:1, w/w). Casein was added to the fat diets to achieve the same 20 % (w/w) protein content as in the control chow. Food intake and body weight were measured weekly. The rats were killed by decapitation and the retroperitoneal (RET) and epididymal (EPI) white adipose tissues were removed and weighed. Tissue lipid and protein content, in vivo lipogenesis rate, uptake of diet-derived lipids, in vitro lipolytic rate, adipocyte area, lipoprotein lipase, ATP citrate lyase, and malic enzyme activities were evaluated. Carcass lipid and protein contents were also measured. Energy intake was reduced while carcass lipid content was increased in the three fat-fed groups. However, carcass protein and body weight gains were elevated only with diets F and SF. Lipolysis rate was diminished by diets F and SF, while the uptake of diet-derived lipids was elevated by the diet S in both RET and EPI tissues. These metabolic alterations may have contributed to the increase in in vivo lipogenesis rate in the presence of decreased ATP citrate lyase and malic enzyme activities induced by the three lipid diets. These results indicate that enrichment of the diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids causes changes in adipose tissue metabolism that favour fat deposition. Different metabolic pathways were preferentially affected by each type of fatty acid used.

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