scholarly journals Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 90. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, metabolic products of Alternaria tenuis

1953 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Raistrick ◽  
C. E. Stickings ◽  
R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Micro Organisms

scholarly journals Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Heart Rot of Pomegranate Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Francesco Aloi ◽  
Mario Riolo ◽  
Simona Marianna Sanzani ◽  
Annamaria Mincuzzi ◽  
Antonio Ippolito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit

This study was aimed at identifying Alternaria species associated with heart rot disease of pomegranate fruit in southern Italy and characterizing their mycotoxigenic profile. A total of 42 Alternaria isolates were characterized. They were obtained from pomegranate fruits with symptoms of heart rot sampled in Apulia and Sicily and grouped into six distinct morphotypes based on macro- and microscopic features. According to multigene phylogenetic analysis, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a SCAR marker (OPA10-2), 38 isolates of morphotypes 1 to 5 were identified as Alternaria alternata, while isolates of morphotype 6, all from Sicily, clustered within the Alternaria arborescens species complex. In particular, isolates of morphotype 1, the most numerous, clustered with the ex-type isolate of A. alternata, proving to belong to A. alternata. No difference in pathogenicity on pomegranate fruits was found between isolates of A. alternata and A. arborescens and among A. alternata isolates of different morphotypes. The toxigenic profile of isolates varied greatly: in vitro, all 42 isolates produced tenuazonic acid and most of them other mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin.

scholarly journals Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Beetroot Extracts against Altenaria alternata Mycotoxins on Potato Crop

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4239
Author(s):  
Nesrine H. Youssef ◽  
Sameer H. Qari ◽  
Said I. Behiry ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Ehab I. El-Hallous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Main Components

Alternaria species, mainly air-borne fungi, affect potato plants, causing black spots symptoms. Morphological identification, pathogenicity assessment, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular identification confirmed that all isolates were Alternaria alternata. The annotated sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN592771–MN592777. HPLC analysis revealed that the fungal isolates KH3 (133,200 ng/g) and NO3 (212,000 ng/g) produced higher levels of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), respectively. Beet ethanol extract (BEE) and beet methanol extract (BME) at different concentrations were used as antimycotoxins. BME decreased the production of mycotoxins by 66.99–99.79%. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.39%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In comparison, the most effective AME reduction rate (99.79%) was shown in the NO3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In the same way, BEE application resulted in 95.60–99.91% mycotoxin reduction. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.91%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BEE treatment, while the greatest AME reduction rate (99.68%) was shown in the Alam1 isolate with 75 µg/mL BEE treatment. GC-MS analysis showed that the main constituent in BME was the antioxidant compound 1-dodecanamine, n,n-dimethyl with a peak area of 43.75%. In contrast, oxirane, methyl- (23.22%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.72%); and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.32%) were the main components in BEE found by GC-MS. They are probably antimicrobial molecules and have an effect on the mycotoxin in general. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antimycotoxigenic activity of beet extracts against A. alternata mycotoxins-contaminated potato crops in Egypt, aimed to manage and save the environment.

CHEMICAL AND CULTURAL TREATMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF STORAGE ROTS OF TOMATOES

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Lockhart ◽  
E. W. Chipman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Micro Organisms

Significant reduction of storage rots of mature-green tomatoes was obtained with field treatments of Mylone, plastic mulch, trellising, and plastic mulch plus trellising. Mylone soil treatment was more effective than the cultural treatments in 1961, and comparable with them in reducing rots in 1962. Plastic mulch plus trellising gave better control than either plastic mulch or trellising. The dominant micro-organisms causing rots of stored tomatoes were: Colletotrichum coccodes and Alternaria tenuis.

scholarly journals Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Adetoun O. Esan ◽  
Stephen O. Fapohunda ◽  
Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Rudolf Krska
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Sesame Seeds ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg−1) than in melon (11 μg kg−1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg−1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: II. CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS ON SOLID MEDIA OF CERTAIN MICRO-ORGANISMS IN ASSOCIATION WITH Ophiobolus graminis SACC.

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Reliable Indication ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Growth Reaction ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Pot Culture

The antagonistic and compatible growth relationships of 66 cultures of bacteria and fungi, most of which were from the soil, towards O. graminis on potato dextrose agar and Molisch's salt peptone agar, were compared with the effect of each on the virulence of this pathogene on wheat seedlings in open soil culture.Of the 21 cultures which controlled the virulence of O. graminis in the soil, only 15 of these were antagonistic on potato dextrose agar, while of the 45 cultures which gave intermediate or no control, 17 were compatible and 28 were decidedly antagonistic. From data secured indirectly, the antagonism or compatibility of the micro-organisms toward O. graminis, observed on potato dextrose agar, did not seem to depend on active alkali or acid more than on other metabolic products. The study apparently demonstrates that the growth reaction of various micro-organisms and O. graminis, associated on the two solid media used, is not a reliable indication that the same micro-organism will or will not suppress the virulence of this pathogene on wheat in soil in open pot culture.

scholarly journals Development of Sensitive and Reliable UPLC-MS/MS Methods for Food Analysis of Emerging Mycotoxins in China Total Diet Study

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danlei Sun ◽  
Nannan Qiu ◽  
Shuang Zhou ◽  
Bing Lyu ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Food Matrices

With the climatic changes that have taken place during the last decade, the spectrum of fungal pathogens as well as mycotoxins has considerably changed. As a result, some emerging mycotoxins have been shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 10 emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, enniatin A1, enniatin B, enniatin B1, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid) in 12 different food matrices (cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatic foods, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages, and alcohol beverages) was developed and validated. After a simple extraction, a one-step sample clean-up by a HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) column was sufficient for all 12 food matrices prior to analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope internal standards 13C-TeA, TEN-d3, and 13C-AFB2 were used for accurate quantification. Validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision (intra and inter-day variability) were evaluated for the 10 mycotoxins in all selected matrices. The sensitivity varied from 0.0004 to 0.3 ng mL−1 (limits of detection) and from 0.002 to 0.9 ng mL−1 (limits of quantitation). The recoveries of 10 mycotoxins in fortified samples were from 60.6% to 164% including very low spiking levels in all 12 food matrices, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12%. The proposed methodology was applied to the analysis of 60 samples collected from five provinces within the 6th China Total Diet Study with the results discussed in detail. The advantages of sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness made it a powerful tool for emerging mycotoxin monitoring and dietary exposure assessment.

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