Molten salt mixtures. Part 4.—The surface tension and surface heat content of molten salts and their mixtures

1960 ◽  
Vol 56 (0) ◽  
pp. 1179-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bloom ◽  
F. G. Davis ◽  
D. W. James
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Salt Mixtures

Surface tension of binary molten salt mixtures

1982 ◽  
Vol 86 (26) ◽  
pp. 5234-5237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Pandey ◽  
Usha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Salt Mixtures

scholarly journals Assessment Of Usability Of Molten Salt Mixtures In Metallurgy Of Aluminum Alloys And Recycling Of Composite Materials Based On The Matrix Of Al Alloys

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1731-1736
Author(s):  
J. Jackowski ◽  
M. Suchora-Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract Effectiveness of the slags used in metallurgy of aluminum alloys and in recycling of composite materials containing these alloys depends on their surface properties at the phase boundaries they are in contact with. An index of surface properties of molten mixtures of slag-forming salts has been formulated. Its calculated values are compared with measured results of surface tension (liquid – atmosphere) and interfacial tension (liquid – liquid) in the considered systems. It was found that the index can be helpful for purposes of proper choice of the mixtures of slag-forming salts used both in Al alloys metallurgy and in recycling of composite materials based on the matrix of Al alloys.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics of Surface Tension of Molten Salt Mixtures

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro TANAKA ◽  
Shigeta HARA
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Salt Mixtures

Association in Molten Salts and Mobility Isotherms showing the Chemla Effect

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1229-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Klemm ◽  
Lutz Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
Salt Mixtures

Abstract In 1984 a model for additive binary molten salt mixtures had been proposed that allowed for a qualitative understanding of the occurence of the Chemla effect (equal internal mobilities at a certain mixing ratio of the salts). In that model the presence of three ions (1,2 and 3) and two neutral molecules (4 and 5) consisting of two ions is assumed, and the ratios K1 = x4 / x1x3 and K2 = X5 / X2X3 of their mole fractions are assumed to be independent of the mixing ratio of the salts. In the present paper, that model is compared with recent experimental results on the system (Li, Cs)Cl obtained in Japan. The comparison shows that the model is too simple for a quantitative description of systems showing the Chemla effect. Rather a dependence of K1 and K2 on the mixing ratio of the salts must be assumed.

scholarly journals Remote Density Measurements of Molten Salts via Neutron Radiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Long ◽  
S. Scott Parker ◽  
D. Travis Carver ◽  
J. Matt Jackson ◽  
Marisa J. Monreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Neutron Radiography ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Los Alamos ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

With an increased interest in the use of molten salts in both nuclear and non-nuclear systems, measuring important thermophysical properties of specific salt mixtures becomes critical in understanding salt performance and behavior. One of the more basic and significant thermophysical properties of a given salt system is density as a function of temperature. With this in mind, this work aims to present and layout a novel approach to measuring densities of molten salt systems using neutron radiography. This work was performed on Flight Path 5 at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In order to benchmark this initial work, three salt mixtures were measured, NaCl, LiCl (58.2 mol%) + KCl (41.8 mol%), and MgCl2 (32 mol%) + KCl (68 mol%). Resulting densities as a function of temperature for each sample from this work were then compared to previous works employing traditional techniques. Results from this work match well with previous literature values for all salt mixtures measured, establishing that neutron radiography is a viable technique to measure density as a function of temperature in molten salt systems. Finally, advantages of using neutron radiography over other methods are discussed and future work in improving this technique is covered.

Studies on the thermodynamics and conductances of molten salts and their mixtures. Part V. The density, change of volume on fusion, viscosity, and surface tension of sodium chlorate and of its mixtures with sodium nitrate

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1279-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. T. van der Kouwe
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Positive Deviation ◽  
Molten Sodium ◽  
Salt Melts

The densities, viscosities, and surface tensions of molten sodium chlorate, and of molten mixtures of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate, as well as the change of volume on fusion, have been determined.From the dependence of molar volume on temperature and composition, it appears that the mixing of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate is a process of dilution rather than of interaction. The viscosity of sodium chlorate is found to be much lower than that of lithium chlorate, a possible indication of greater complexity in the lithium chlorate melt. The activation energy of viscous flow for sodium chlorate is less than that of lithium chlorate. For lithium chlorate – lithium nitrate mixtures, at constant temperature, there is pronounced positive deviation from linearity, when viscosity is plotted against molar composition. For sodium chlorate – sodium nitrate mixtures, the deviation is much less marked though still positive.The surface tension of sodium chlorate is almost identical with those of lithium and potassium chlorates. The surface heat of sodium chlorate is higher than that of lithium chlorate but it still indicates some degree of covalency. The Guggenheim formula and Sokolov's rule have been applied. In contrast to melts of mixtures of lithium chlorate and lithium nitrate, the sodium salt melts would appear to have simpler constituents and to be more ionic in character.

scholarly journals Hybridization of CSP Plants: Characterization of a Molten Salt Heater for Binary and Ternary Nitrate Salt Mixtures Fueled with Gas/Biogas Heaters

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7652
Author(s):  
Alberto Giaconia ◽  
Irena Balog ◽  
Giampaolo Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Utilization Factor ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Salt Mixtures

Hybridization of CSP plants with alternative energy sources (fuels) represents a means to improve flexibility of operation, power dispatchability and utilization factor of the plant. New generation CSP plants make use of molten salts as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) besides Thermal Energy Storage (TES) medium. Therefore, proper interfaces should be developed to effectively transfer the heat from the back-up source to the molten salt. This paper presents the results obtained in the experimental validation of an innovative gas-fueled Molten Salt Heater (MSH) prototype. The objective of this research is to validate the MSH design, where the specific properties of molten salts (compared to other HTFs, e.g., thermal oils) have to be taken into account. The developed reduced-scale MSH (90 kW thermal) consists of a heat exchanger with the molten salt flowing inside finned tubes cross-flowed with the hot flue gas generated in an upstream combustion chamber. LPG or a biogas-like mixture has been used as gas fuel. Experimental results have been obtained with two different molten salt mixtures: the “solar salt” binary mixture (NaNO3/KNO3, 60/40%w) typically used in CSP applications (up to 565 °C) and the ternary mixture known as Hitec XL® containing sodium/potassium/calcium nitrates (NaNO3/KNO3/Ca(NO3)2, 15/43/42%w) characterized by lower freezing temperatures. Experimental tests have been carried out changing some operative parameters like the flow rate of the molten salt (0.45–0.94 kg/s), the inlet temperatures of the molten salt (303–445 °C) and of the hot gas (596–632 °C). For both molten salt mixtures, it was demonstrated that heat transfer correlations based on the Dittus-Boelter equation allow to predict experimental results with <10% deviation between experimental and theoretical values of the heat transfer coefficient.

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