On the long-standing question of an ET or polar mechanism for the cycloaddition of tetracyanoethylene with electron rich alkenes

1995 ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taisun Kim ◽  
Haripada Sarker ◽  
Nathan L. Bauld
Keyword(s):  
Standing Question ◽  
Polar Mechanism

Pablo Neruda's Transnational Modernist Networks: Colombo-Madrid-London-Buenos Aires (1927–1933)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-225
Author(s):  
Patricia Novillo-Corvalán
Keyword(s):  
Chamber Music ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The One ◽  
Composition Process ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Standing Question

This article positions Pablo Neruda's poetry collection Residence on Earth I (written between 1925–1931 and published in 1933) as a ‘text in transit’ that allows us to trace the development of transnational modernist networks through the text's protracted physical journey from British colonial Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to Madrid, and from José Ortega y Gasset's Revista de Occidente (The Western Review) to T. S. Eliot's The Criterion. By mapping the text's diasporic movement, I seek to reinterpret its complex composition process as part of an anti-imperialist commitment that proposes a form of aesthetic solidarity with artistic modernism in Ceylon, on the one hand, and as a vehicle through which to interrogate the reception and categorisation of Latin American writers and their cultural institutions in a British periodical such as The Criterion, on the other. I conclude with an examination of Neruda's idiosyncratic Spanish translation of Joyce's Chamber Music, which was published in the Buenos Aires little magazine Poesía in 1933, positing that this translation exercise takes to further lengths his decolonising views by giving new momentum to the long-standing question of Hiberno-Latin American relations.

scholarly journals Feeding diverse prey as an excellent strategy of mixotrophic dinoflagellates for global dominance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabe4214
Author(s):  
Hae Jin Jeong ◽  
Hee Chang Kang ◽  
An Suk Lim ◽  
Se Hyeon Jang ◽  
Kitack Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Prey Diversity ◽  
Standing Question

Microalgae fuel food webs and biogeochemical cycles of key elements in the ocean. What determines microalgal dominance in the ocean is a long-standing question. Red tide distribution data (spanning 1990 to 2019) show that mixotrophic dinoflagellates, capable of photosynthesis and predation together, were responsible for ~40% of the species forming red tides globally. Counterintuitively, the species with low or moderate growth rates but diverse prey including diatoms caused red tides globally. The ability of these dinoflagellates to trade off growth for prey diversity is another genetic factor critical to formation of red tides across diverse ocean conditions. This finding has profound implications for explaining the global dominance of particular microalgae, their key eco-evolutionary strategy, and prediction of harmful red tide outbreaks.

Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BARBER ◽  
JEREMY C. POPE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Party Attachment ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Liberal Policy ◽  
Standing Question ◽  
Over Time

Are people conservative (liberal) because they are Republicans (Democrats)? Or is it the reverse: people are Republicans (Democrats) because they are conservatives (liberals)? Though much has been said about this long-standing question, it is difficult to test because the concepts are nearly impossible to disentangle in modern America. Ideology and partisanship are highly correlated, only growing more so over time. However, the election of President Trump presents a unique opportunity to disentangle party attachment from ideological commitment. Using a research design that employs actual “conservative” and “liberal” policy statements from President Trump, we find that low-knowledge respondents, strong Republicans, Trump-approving respondents, and self-described conservatives are the most likely to behave like party loyalists by accepting the Trump cue—in either a liberal or conservative direction. These results suggest that there are a large number of party loyalists in the United States, that their claims to being a self-defined conservative are suspect, and that group loyalty is the stronger motivator of opinion than are any ideological principles.

Understanding the choice of copper by heme-copper oxidase using biosynthetic models in myoglobin

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Wu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heme Copper Oxidases ◽  
Copper Oxidase ◽  
Standing Question

A long-standing question, why copper is preferred over iron for O2 reduction in heme-copper oxidases, has been answered by studying biosynthetic models in myoglobin.

The dynamics of auxin transport

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1177) ◽  
pp. 489-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Directed Motion ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Polar Mechanism

The plant hormone auxin is transported with a well defined velocity through many tissues. To explain this, one type of theory proposes that a polar mechanism operates at the interface between two cells. I show that, if auxin diffuses freely through the interior of cells, then there is an upper limit to the velocity that can be achieved by such a mechanism. This is compatible with the observed velocities provided that the diffusion constant for auxin within a cell is not much less than that measured for auxin in aqueous media. Cytoplasmic streaming, unless specially organized, would not assist the movement of auxin. This is because rapid diffusion between streams will cancel out any directed motion. I also show that the permeability that characterizes the forward movement between cells must exceed a certain limit. If auxin moves mainly through the cytoplasm, which occupies only a small part of the volume of a cell, then the permeability per unit area of membrane needed to achieve a given velocity is much reduced. Transport would be channelled through the cytoplasm if the membrane bounding the vacuole were relatively impermeable to auxin. The theory that I develop leads to predictions about, for example, the route of auxin and its concentration gradients within cells, and the dependence of velocity on cell length.

Eloquence Embodied

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Carayon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Language Barriers ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Indigenous Resistance ◽  
Linguistic Fluency ◽  
A Site ◽  
Standing Question

Taking a fresh look at the first two centuries of French colonialism in the Americas, this book answers the long-standing question of how and how well Indigenous Americans and Europeans communicated with each other during colonial encounters. French explorers and colonists in the sixteenth century noticed that Indigenous peoples from Brazil to Canada used signs to communicate. The newcomers, in response, quickly embraced the nonverbal as a means to overcome cultural and language barriers throughout French America. Céline Carayon's close examination of French accounts, combined with her multidisciplinary methodology, enables her to recover these sophisticated Native practices of embodied expression. In a colonial world where communication and trust were essential but complicated by the multiplicity of Indigenous languages, intimate and sensory communications ensured that colonists and Indigenous peoples understood each other well. Understanding, in turn, bred both genuine personal bonds and violent antagonisms. Nonverbal communication shaped Indigenous resistance to colonial pressures across the Americas just as it fueled the French imperial imagination and strategies. Challenging the notion of colonial America as a site of misunderstandings and insurmountable cultural clashes, Carayon shows that Natives and newcomers used nonverbal means to build relationships before the rise of linguistic fluency--and, crucially, well afterward.

Must Labour lose? Lessons from post-war history

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Jefferys
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Political ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Question ◽  
Standing Question

Kevin Jefferys addresses the long-standing question of whether ‘Must Labour Lose?’ This has been an intriguing political question ever since it was first posed in 1960 by Mark Abrams and Richard Rose. Examining the post-war record of the Labour Party, alongside that of the Conservative Party, Kevin Jefferys questions the inevitability of Labour’s decline through a detailed examination of the political results since 1945. Instead of Labour’s inevitable decline he suggests that there is a pattern of the Labour Party success and defeats that are conditioned by the economic circumstances, the performance of the Conservative party, and the leadership of the Labour Party. In the end, he argues that Labour may not always lose but that, given the gap between the opinion about the leadership in the party and the electorate in the country, it may be some time before Labour regains power.

scholarly journals Meso-scale transport in sticky granular fluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Luding
Keyword(s):  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Granular Fluid ◽  
Unique Ability ◽  
Meso Scale ◽  
Standing Question ◽  
The Continuum

Fluid mechanics and rheology involve many unsolved challenges related to the transport mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy – especially when it comes to realistic, industrially relevant materials. Very interesting are suspensions or granular fluids with solid, particulate ingredients that feature contact mechanics on the micro-scale, which affect the transport properties on the continuum- or macro-scale. Their unique ability to behave as either fluid, or solid or both, can be quantified by non-Newtonian rheological rules, and results in interesting mechanisms such as super-diffusion, shear thickening, fluid–solid transitions (jamming) or relaxation/creep. Focusing on the steady state flow of a granular fluid, one can attempt to answer a long-standing question: how do realistic material properties such as dissipation, stiffness, friction or cohesion influence the rheology of a granular fluid? In a recent paper Macaulay & Rognon (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 858, 2019, R2) shed new light on the effect cohesion can have on mass transport in sheared, sticky granular fluids. On top of the usual diffusive, stochastic modes of transport, cohesion can create and stabilise clusters of particles into bigger agglomerates that carry particles over large distances – either ballistically in the dilute regime, or by their rotation in the dense regime. Importantly, these clusters must not only be larger than the particles (defining the intermediate, meso-scale), but they must also have a finite lifetime, in order to be able to exchange mass with each other, which can seriously enhance transport in sticky granular fluids by rotection, i.e. a combination of rotation and convection.

The sectional Poisson Voronoi tessellation is not a Voronoi tessellation

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 356-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Chiu ◽  
R. Van De Weygaert ◽  
D. Stoyan
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Geometry ◽  
Affine Space ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Voronoi Cell ◽  
Negative Answer ◽  
Fixed Plane ◽  
Standing Question

Is the intersection between an arbitrary but fixed plane and the spatial Poisson Voronoi tessellation a planar Voronoi tessellation? In this paper a negative answer is given to this long-standing question in stochastic geometry. The answer remains negative for the intersection between at-dimensional linear affine space and thed-dimensional Poisson Voronoi tesssellation, where 2 ≦t≦d− 1. Moreover, it is shown that each cell on this intersection is almost surely a non-Voronoi cell.

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