In Situ Cross-linking Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Not Only Generates Cross-linked Structures But Also Promotes Morphology Transition by the Cross-linker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid Kadirkhanov ◽  
Cheng-Lin Yang ◽  
Zi-Xuan Chang ◽  
Ren-Man Zhu ◽  
Cai-Yuan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Morphology Transition ◽  
Convenient Approach ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
The Cross

Compared with the post-polymerization cross-linking strategy, in situ cross-linking by divinyl comonomers in polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a more straightforward and convenient approach to produce structurally stabilized nano-objects. However, cross-linking...

Polymerization-induced self-assembly for the fabrication of polymeric nano-objects with enhanced structural stability by cross-linking

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 3654-3672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Jian Zhang ◽  
Jamshid Kadirkhanov ◽  
Chang-Hui Wang ◽  
Sheng-Gang Ding ◽  
Chun-Yan Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Stability ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
The Cross

This review discusses the strategies of core-cross-linking in most of the PISA literatures (including post-polymerization cross-linking, photo-cross-linking and in situ cross-linking) and the applications of the cross-linked nano-objects.

scholarly journals Cranberry Juice Extract Rapidly Protects Demineralized Dentin against Digestion and Inhibits Its Gelatinolytic Activity

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3637
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Austin Green ◽  
Xiaomei Yao ◽  
Hang Liu ◽  
Saleha Nisar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grape Seed ◽  
Dental Composite ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Cranberry Juice ◽  
Composite Restorations ◽  
Dentin Collagen ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Demineralized Dentin

Improving the longevity of composite restorations has proven to be difficult when they are bonded to dentin. Dentin demineralization leaves collagen fibrils susceptible to enzymatic digestion, which causes breakdown of the resin–dentin interface. Therefore, measures for counteracting the enzymatic environment by enhancing dentin collagen’s resistance to degradation have the potential to improve the durability of dental composite restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polyphenol-rich extracts and a chemical cross-linker on the cross-linking interaction, resistance to digestion, and endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities of dentin collagen under clinically relevant conditions. Ten-µm-thick films were cut from dentin slabs of non-carious extracted human third molars. Following demineralization, polyphenol-rich extracts—including grape seed (GSE), green tea (GTE), and cranberry juice (CJE)—or chemical cross-linker carbodiimide with n-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) were applied to the demineralized dentin surfaces for 30 s. The collagen cross-linking, bio-stabilization, and gelatinolytic activities of MMPs 2 and 9 were studied by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, hydroxyproline release, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and in situ zymography. All treatments significantly increased resistance to collagenase degradation and reduced the gelatinolytic MMP activity of dentin collagen compared to the untreated control. The CJE- and GSE-treated groups were more resistant to digestion than the GTE- or EDC/NHS-treated ones (p < 0.05), which was consistent with the cross-linking interaction found with FTIR and the in situ performance on the acid-etched dentin surface found with SEM/TEM. The collagen films treated with CJE showed the lowest MMP activity, followed by GSE, GTE, and, finally, EDC/NHS. The CJE-treated dentin collagen rapidly increased its resistance to digestion and MMP inhibition. An application of CJE as short as 30 s may be a clinically feasible approach to improving the longevity of dentin bonding in composite restorations.

scholarly journals Effect of the Cross-Linking Density on the Swelling and Rheological Behavior of Ester-Bridged β-Cyclodextrin Nanosponges

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Gjylije Hoti ◽  
Fabrizio Caldera ◽  
Claudio Cecone ◽  
Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo ◽  
Anastasia Anceschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Synthesis Reaction ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Cyclodextrin Nanosponges ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Shed Light

The cross-linking density influences the physicochemical properties of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NSs). Although the effect of the cross-linker type and content on the NSs performance has been investigated, a detailed study of the cross-linking density has never been performed. In this contribution, nine ester-bridged NSs based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and different quantities of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), used as a cross-linking agent in stoichiometric proportions of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 moles of PMDA for each mole of CD, were synthesized and characterized in terms of swelling and rheological properties. The results, from the swelling experiments, exploiting Flory–Rehner theory, and rheology, strongly showed a cross-linker content-dependent behavior. The study of cross-linking density allowed to shed light on the efficiency of the synthesis reaction methods. Overall, our study demonstrates that by varying the amount of cross-linking agent, the cross-linked structure of the NSs matrix can be controlled effectively. As PMDA βCD-NSs have emerged over the years as a highly versatile class of materials with potential applications in various fields, this study represents the first step towards a full understanding of the correlation between their structure and properties, which is a key requirement to effectively tune their synthesis reaction in view of any specific future application or industrial scale-up.

scholarly journals Cross-linking of histones with dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate. Interference by a one-end reaction modifying histones at lysine amino groups

1984 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1022
Author(s):  
E Kotthaus ◽  
W H Strätling
Keyword(s):  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Histone Dimers ◽  
Acid Solubility ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Linker Molecules

We have studied the HClO4-solubility of histones H1 and H5 in hen erythrocyte nuclei after treatment with the cross-linker dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate (DTPI). The amount of acid-soluble, non-cross-linked, H1 and H5 histones was drastically decreased, and that of acid-soluble H1/H5 histone dimers went through an optimum as the DTPI concentration was raised. Incubation of the HClO4-insoluble fraction with 2-mercaptoethanol regenerated the acid-solubility of H1/H5 histones in this fraction. When purified H1/H5 histones were treated with increasing concentrations of DTPI under non-cross-linking conditions, the amount of HClO4-soluble histones also greatly decreased, but to a much lesser extent if the DTPI treatment was followed by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. This decrease was inversely correlated to the proportion of amino groups modified. It is concluded that, when the cross-linker was used in large excess, the cross-linking reaction competed with a one-end reaction modifying the histones at lysine amino groups by cross-linker molecules, of which the imidoester groups that had not reacted were hydrolysed. It is suggested that this modification produced the changes in acid-solubility.

Cross-linking polymerization-induced self-assembly to produce branched core cross-linked star block polymer micelles

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (26) ◽  
pp. 4335-4343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongmin Park ◽  
Nam Young Ahn ◽  
Myungeun Seo
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Polymer Micelles ◽  
Block Polymer ◽  
Cross Linker

Copolymerizing a cross-linker in the PISA process spontaneously produces branched core cross-linked block polymer micelles.

scholarly journals Conformational Transitions of the Cross-linking Domains of Elastin during Self-assembly

2014 ◽  
Vol 289 (14) ◽  
pp. 10057-10068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean E. Reichheld ◽  
Lisa D. Muiznieks ◽  
Richard Stahl ◽  
Karen Simonetti ◽  
Simon Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Conformational Transitions ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
The Cross

pH- and Reductant-Responsive Polymeric Vesicles with Robust Membrane-Cross-Linked Structures: In Situ Cross-Linking in Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1140-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Chen ◽  
Jia-Wei Li ◽  
Wen-Jian Zhang ◽  
Chun-Yan Hong ◽  
Cai-Yuan Pan
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Polymeric Vesicles

scholarly journals Dynamic cross-linking of an alginate–acrylamide tough hydrogel system: time-resolved in situ mapping of gel self-assembly

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 10710-10726
Author(s):  
Akanksha Pragya ◽  
Suhas Mutalik ◽  
Muhammad Waseem Younas ◽  
Siu-Kwong Pang ◽  
Pui-Kin So ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
System Time ◽  
Dynamic Formation ◽  
Hydrogel System

In situ, time-resolved characterisation of an alginate–acrylamide tough hydrogel dynamic formation process indicate routes to intervention and modification of chemo-physico-mechanical properties.

Study on Cross-Linking Degree of Polyethylene

2013 ◽  
Vol 658 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Li Qiu Zou ◽  
Guang Feng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Gel Content ◽  
Complete Decomposition ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
The Cross

In this paper, the linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was melted and cross-linked by dicumyl peroxide (DCP) used to prepare cross-linked polyethylene (XPE). The gel content was determined by extraction method. The effect of content of cross-linker, cross- linked time, cross-linked temperature and other factors on the gel content were studied. It was found that the extraction time should be 18h for XPE. The gel content increased with the increasing of cross-linked time. When the cross-linked time was 10-15min, DCP was almost complete decomposition. The gel content was basically stable when the cross-linked temperature was 170-175 oC. The maximum of gel fraction was about 90%.

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