Isolation and Recovery of Extracellular Vesicles Using Optically-Induced Dielectrophoresis on an Integrated Microfluidic Platform

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Sin Chen ◽  
Charles Lai ◽  
Chihchen Chen ◽  
Gwo-Bin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Microfluidic Platform ◽  
Optically Induced

Cell-released, membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a means of intercellular communication by delivering bioactive cargos including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. EVs have been widely used for a variety...

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as a Means of Viral Immune Evasion, CNS Invasion, and Glia-Induced Neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda D. Horn ◽  
Andrew G. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Biologically Relevant Molecules ◽  
Viral Components ◽  
The Brain

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells as a means of intercellular communication. EVs transfer proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically relevant molecules from one cell to another. In the context of viral infections, EVs can also contain viruses, viral proteins, and viral nucleic acids. While there is some evidence that the inclusion of viral components within EVs may be part of the host defense, much of the research in this field supports a pro-viral role for EVs. Packaging of viruses within EVs has repeatedly been shown to protect viruses from antibody neutralization while also allowing for their integration into cells otherwise impervious to the virus. EVs also bidirectionally cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing a potential route for peripheral viruses to enter the brain while exiting EVs may serve as valuable biomarkers of neurological disease burden. Within the brain, EVs can alter glial activity, increase neuroinflammation, and induce neurotoxicity. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize research related to viral manipulation of EV-mediated intercellular communication and how such manipulation may lead to infection of the central nervous system, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Cardioprotective Roles of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai-Yu Zeng ◽  
Jia Xu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Yuan-Qiang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions

Graphical AbstractEPC-EXs: The hallmarks and pleiotropic functions. EPC-EXs are extracellular vesicles generated by EPCs and they carry lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and some EPC markers. They mediate intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology.

scholarly journals Role for extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1737) ◽  
pp. 20160488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana O'Loghlen
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Cellular Behaviour ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Behaviour Changes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small-membrane vesicles secreted by most cells types with the role to provide intercellular communication both locally and systemically. The transfer of their content between cells, which includes nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, confers the means for these interactions and induces significant cellular behaviour changes in the receiving cell. EVs are implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes, including development and neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, it has been shown that EV signalling is essential in almost all the steps necessary for the progress of carcinomas, from primary tumours to metastasis. In this review, we will focus on the latest findings for EV biology in relation to cancer progression and the tumour microenvironment. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.

Liver fibrosis: extracellular vesicles mediated intercellular communication in perisinusoidal space

Hepatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezhilarasan Devaraj ◽  
Elumalai Perumal ◽  
Raghunandhakumar Subramaniyan ◽  
Mustapha Najimi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Nucleic Acids when Combined with Extracellular Vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Brian Jurgielewicz ◽  
Steven Stice ◽  
Yao Yao
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Potential

Hand-powered centrifugal microfluidic platform inspired by the spinning top for sample-to-answer diagnostics of nucleic acids

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Fei Tian ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Qiang Feng ◽  
Tingxuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Microfluidic Platform ◽  
Small Disc ◽  
Spinning Top

A hand-powered centrifugal microfluidic platform enables simultaneous detection of pathogenic bacteria within a small disc in an electricity-free manner.

Zika virus hijacks extracellular vesicle tetraspanin pathways for cell-to-cell transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara B. York ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Allaura S. Cone ◽  
Leanne C. Duke ◽  
Mujeeb R. Cheerathodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Encapsulated Structures

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells which carry signaling factors, proteins and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of EVs in the progression of neurological conditions and both the spread and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. It has recently been demonstrated that EVs from Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals and cells contained replicative-competent viral RNA that was capable of infecting hepatocytes. Being a member of the same viral family, it is likely the Zika virus also hijacks EV pathways to package viral components and secrete vesicles that are infectious and potentially less immunogenic. As EVs have been shown to cross blood-brain and placental barriers, it is possible that Zika virus could usurp normal EV biology to gain access to the brain or developing fetus. Here, we demonstrate that Zika virus infected cells secrete distinct EV sub-populations with specific viral protein profiles and infectious genomes. Zika virus infection resulted in the enhanced production of EVs with varying sizes and density compared to those released from non-infected cells. We also show that the EV enriched tetraspanin CD63 regulates the release of EVs, and Zika viral genomes and capsids following infection. Overall, these findings provide evidence for an alternative means of Zika virus transmission and demonstrate the role of EV biogenesis and trafficking proteins in the modulation of Zika infection.ImportanceZika virus is a re-emerging infectious disease that spread rapidly across the Caribbean and South America. Infection of pregnant women during the first trimester has been linked to microcephaly, a neurological condition where babies are born with smaller heads due to abnormal brain development. Babies born with microcephaly can develop convulsions and suffer disabilities as they age. Despite the significance of Zika virus, little is known about how the virus infects the fetus or causes disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells that are present in all biological fluids. EVs carry signaling factors, proteins and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. EVs have been shown to be a means by which some viruses can alter cellular environments and cross previously unpassable cellular barriers. Thus gaining a greater understanding of how Zika affects EV cargo may aid in the development of better diagnostics, targeted therapeutics and prophylactic treatments.

Extracellular vesicles, stem cells and the role of miRNAs in neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz M. Belkozhayev ◽  
Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki ◽  
Alex George ◽  
Raigul Ye Niyazova ◽  
Kamalidin O. Sharipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
The Body ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Crucial Information

There are different modalities of intercellular communication governed by cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will explore one of these forms of communication called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles are released by all cells in the body and are heterogeneous in nature. The primary function of EVs is to share information through their cargo consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, dsDNA etc.) with other cells, which have a direct consequence on their microenvironment. We will focus on the role of EVs of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the nervous system and how these participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological function and provide neuroprotection. However, deregulation of this same communication system could play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, prion disease and Huntington’s disease. The release of EVs from a cell provides crucial information to what is happening inside the cell and thus could be used in diagnostics and therapy. We will discuss and explore new avenues for the clinical applications of using engineered MSC-EVs and their potential therapeutic benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Puhm ◽  
Eric Boilard ◽  
Kellie R. Machlus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

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