Impact of residential water saving devices on urban water security: A case of Beijing, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linrui Shi ◽  
Lizhen Wang ◽  
Haihong Li ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Residential Water

Beijing is a city with severe water shortage, and the rapidly growing economy and population has led to an increasing water demand for households. Thus, water conservation has become the...

scholarly journals Exploring the Statistical and Distributional Properties of Residential Water Demand at Fine Time Scales

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kossieris ◽  
Christos Makropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Residential Water

Residential water demand consists one of the most uncertain factors posing extra difficulties in the efficient planning and management of urban water systems. Currently, high resolution data from smart meters provide the means for a better understanding and modelling of this variable at a household level and fine temporal scales. Having this in mind, this paper examines the statistical and distributional properties of residential water demand at a 15-minute and hourly scale, which are the temporal scales of interest for the majority of urban water modeling applications. Towards this, we investigate large residential water demand records of different characteristics. The analysis indicates that the studied characteristics of the marginal distribution of water demand vary among households as well as on the basis of different time intervals. Both month-to-month and hour-to-hour analysis reveal that the mean value and the probability of no demand exhibit high variability while the changes in the shape characteristics of the marginal distributions of the nonzero values are significantly less. The investigation of performance of 10 probabilistic models reveals that Gamma and Weibull distributions can be used to adequately describe the nonzero water demand records of different characteristics at both time scales.

Water rate to manage residential water demand with seasonality: peak-load pricing and increasing block rates approach

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 930-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Molinos-Senante
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Tourist Town ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Variable Water

A strong seasonal demand for water occurs in many tourist areas, which might exacerbate the water shortage problems. Water pricing is a key instrument for water use management; therefore, the objective of this work was to design a variable water rate to examine the seasonal water demand in water-scarce regions. The proposed water rate combines the peak-load pricing (PLP) and increasing block rate (IBR) strategies. PLP results in full cost recovery of urban water services; however, IBRs penalise excessive water consumption. Moreover, the proposed water rate structure allocates the costs among users depending on their consumption. Subsequently, an empirical application was developed for a Spanish tourist town illustrating the usefulness of the water rate proposed. In conclusion, the combination of the PLP and IBR approaches is a useful water-pricing strategy for increasing the sustainability of the urban water supply under the conditions of seasonal water demand and water shortage.

Agricultural Water Conservation Cost Control Mechanism of the Pre-Coastal City Based on Design Innovation

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 5962-5965
Author(s):  
Peng Peng Zhao ◽  
Fan Rui Meng
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Coastal City ◽  
Investment And Financing ◽  
Design Innovation

Water-saving irrigation is the livelihood of the people to solve the problem of coastal city agriculture water shortage of water conservancy projects. To investigate the situation of the construction of agricultural water-saving facilities in Tianjin, first ,this paper analyzes the using costs, including running maintenance costs. According to the life-cycle cost theory, it is an important means to control using costs in the infrastructure construction engineering design stage. Then the paper will analyze the complexity of the demand of urban water-saving irrigation and propose that designing innovation is the key to control the complex using costs. Finally , the paper will analyze The effect of investment and financing model of design innovation process. On the one hand, the mode of investment and financing will help to solve the construction funding gap; On the other hand, it will affect water-saving cost pre-control in different degrees.

scholarly journals Future Domestic Water Demand for Jeddah City

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samy Kamis Ahmed Samy Kamis
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Jeddah City ◽  
Domestic Use

The paper discusses the present and future (1431-1460 A.H.) water de-mand and water resources for the domestic use in Jeddah city. Projection of both water demand driven by population as well as water resources are illustrated. Three scenarios are presented representing high, moderate and low cases for the population. Under each case, the level of water shortage problem is addressed and it is shown that without water conservation Jeddah city will face sig¬nificant water shortage.

scholarly journals Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use: An Introduction

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Reynaud ◽  
Giulia Romano
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residential Water

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather evidence on the impact of price policies (PP) and non-price policies (NPP) in shaping residential water use in a context of increased water scarcity. Indeed, a large body of the empirical economic literature on residential water demand has been devoted to measuring the impact of PP (water price increases, use of block rate pricing or peak pricing, etc.). The consensus is that the residential water demand is inelastic with respect to water price, but not perfectly. Given the low water price elasticity, pricing schemes may not always be effective tools for modifying household water behaviors. This is puzzling since increasing the water price is still viewed by public authorities as the most direct economic tool for inducing water conservation behaviors. Additional evidence regarding the use of PP in shaping residential water use is then required. More recently, it has been argued that residential consumers may react to NPP, such as water conservation programs, education campaigns, or smart metering. NPP are based on the idea that residential water users can implement strategies that will result in water savings via changing their individual behaviors. Feedback information based on smart water metering is an example of approach used by some water utilities. There are still large gaps in the knowledge on the residential water demand, and in particular on the impact of PP and NPP on residential water use, household water affordability and water service performance. These topics are addressed in this Special Issue “Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use”.

scholarly journals Potential of efficient toilets in Hanoi, Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurina Otaki ◽  
Masahiro Otaki ◽  
Toshiya Aramaki
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Deterministic Approach ◽  
Simple Analytical Model ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Residential Consumption ◽  
Residential Water

Abstract Many water authorities have promoted the installation of water-saving devices as an effective way of managing residential water demand. However, there has been some controversy about the effectiveness of such devices in studies in developed countries, and few studies have considered the use of water-saving devices in developing countries, where a rapid increase in water demand is expected. This study focused on toilet replacement and the residential water-saving potential in urban Hanoi, Vietnam – a country presently enjoying remarkable economic growth and increasing water demand – using the Monte Carlo simulation, i.e., stochastic, approach. We surveyed the toilets of 134 households. Annual water savings were not large – 2.2 liters per person per day (1.9% of total residential consumption) – despite the assumption that all toilets would be replaced with efficient ones within three years. Based on this study, a rebate to encourage toilet replacement would have limited effect for saving water, contrary to experience in developed countries. Comparing the volume of water saved, the simple analytical model, i.e. the deterministic approach, under-estimated the water-saving potential.

Water Resource Security Strategy in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 778-781
Author(s):  
Yan Dong Peng ◽  
Chun Yun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Social Economic Development ◽  
Water Resource Security ◽  
Resource Security

With the quick development of economy, increase o f population and urbanization, urban water security becomes a limited factor to fulfill the urban sustainable development. Qinhuangdao is a water shortage of resources and pollution-induced water shortage city. Under the major background of global warming, the climate of Qinhuangdao becoming warmer and drier in recent years, the precipitation has decreased correspondingly. The rivers runoff reduces obviously and the level of the groundwater drops. The quantity of usable water resource is reduced significantly. Impacted by the urbanization, social-economic development and rapid population growth, the demand of water resource increases continuously. The security situation of water resource in Qinhuangdao is becoming more severe. Through analyzing the water resource situation, existing issues and reasons in Qinhuangdao city, the author proposed regulating approaches to ensure safety of water resources.

scholarly journals Exploring the effects of domestic water management measures to water conservation attitudes using agent based modelling

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifigeneia Koutiva ◽  
Christos Makropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Conservation Attitudes ◽  
Policy Measures

The urban water system's sustainable evolution requires managing both water supply and water demand within a complete urban water cycle framework. Such an approach, however, requires tools to analyse and simulate the complete system including both physical and cultural environments. One of the main challenges, in this regard, is the design and development of tools able to simulate the society's water demand behaviour and the way policy measures affect it. The effects of these policy measures are a function of personal attitudes that subsequently lead to the formation of people's behaviours. This work focuses on the exploration of social impact theory on water conservation attitudes of urban households. A model is designed and implemented using agent based modelling. The developed model's ability to represent social structure and mechanisms of social influences is tested against historical data from the 1988–1994 drought of Athens, Greece as a case study.

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