Photoresponsive DNA materials and their applications

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Michael P. O’Hagan ◽  
Ziyuan Li ◽  
Junji Zhang ◽  
Xiang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dna Materials

Photoresponsive nucleic acids attract growing interest as functional constituents in materials science. We review the recent exciting developments of this field and identify the opportunities and challenges to be addressed by future research efforts.

Fundamentals of Tribology at the Atomic Level

1988 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ferrante ◽  
Stephen V. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Defect Formation ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Moving Contact ◽  
Boundary Films

AbstractTribology, the science and engineering of solid surfaces in moving contact, is a field that encompasses many disciplines: solid state physics, chemistry, materials science, and mechanical engineering. In spite of the practical importance and maturity of the field, the fundamental understanding of basic phenomena has only recently been attacked. In this paper we will attempt to define some of these problems and indicate some profitable directions for future research. We make three broad classifications: (1) fluid properties--compression, rheology, additives and particulates; (2) material properties of the solids--deformation, defect formation and energy loss mechanisms; and (3) interfacial properties--adhesion, friction chemical reactions, and boundary films. Research in the categories has traditionally been approached by considering macroscopic material properties. Recent activity has shown that some issues can be approached at the atomic level: that is, the atoms in the materials can be manipulated both experimentally and theoretically, and can produce results related to macroscopic phenomena. This experimental and theoretical activity is reviewed and related to the traditional research areas.

scholarly journals Current Status and Future Prospects of Applying Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Materials for Stone Artworks Conservation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijian Cao ◽  
Antonella Salvini ◽  
Mara Camaiti
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Art Conservation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Integrity

The development of innovative materials is one of the most important focuses of research in heritage conservation. Eligible materials can not only protect the physical and chemical integrity of artworks, but also preserve their artistic and aesthetic features. Recently, as one of the hot research topics in materials science, biomimetic superhydrophobic materials have gradually attracted the attention of conservation scientists due to their unique properties. In fact, ultra-repellent materials are particularly suitable for hydrophobization treatments on outdoor artworks. Owing to their excellent hydrophobicity, superhydrophobic materials can effectively prevent the absorption, penetration of liquid water as well as the condensation of water vapor, thus greatly relieving water-induced decay phenomena. Moreover, in presence of liquid water, the superhydrophobic surfaces equipped with self-cleaning property can clean the dirt, dust deposited spontaneously, thereby restoring the artistic features simultaneously. In the present paper, besides the basic principles of wetting on solid surfaces, materials and methods reported for preparing bioinspired ultra-repellent materials, the recently proposed materials for art conservation are also introduced and critically reviewed. Lastly, the current status and the problems encountered in practical application are also pointed out, and the focus of future research is prospected as well.

Recycled Polymer Concrete Composite: A Retrospective Review of the Literature and Framework for Thermal Comfort in Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Cesar Humberto Ortega-Jimenez ◽  
Eduardo Ardón ◽  
Jose Pineda ◽  
Carlos Ventura ◽  
Carlos Núñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Testing And Evaluation

The aim of this paper is to review the literature on Materials science to identify the current research and to provide direction for future research in thermal properties of the concrete block composite, either with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) or Polystyrene (PS), presenting the opportunity to make an important methodological contribution by applying systematic review in three areas of Materials science: Composites, Building Materials, as well as Testing and Evaluation of Materials. This is a growing interdisciplinary field since there are no current comparative papers addressing both PET and PS in the same research for concrete composites. Papers investigating to what extent, what type and how academic publications are integrated on the analysis of the characteristics of the two recycled polymers (PET and PS), to improve the thermal properties of the concrete block and contribute to the research of sustainable thermal comfort in homes. They were reviewed, keywords were identified within a framework of composites, building materials, as well as testing and evaluation of materials, and a lexical analysis of the papers was conducted. The results of current research show that both forms of recycling (PS and PET), combined with concrete, have sustainability in thermal comfort. The analysis reveals that previous research has focused on PET-Concrete (i.e., concrete-PET polymer composite) since it is more viable, due to its large amount of recycling. While this has benefited home builders in their ability to respond with some thermal comfort with higher construction efficiency, it also clarifies that there has been research done on PS-Concrete (i.e., concrete-PS polymer composite), presenting greater thermal comfort, because it has lower thermal conductivity. This finding suggests the need for further research within this narrow field, with absence of data, since most prescriptive recommendations have not been tested and lack practical applications, which is why the need for more empirical and experimental studies are identified. Based on the novelty of the PET or PS recycling concepts, we highlight the need of better collaboration between academic disciplines, such as engineering and architecture to provide better experimental evidence for recycling of polymers, including empirical approaches for the different types of composites and aggregate distributions, which can be made with concrete to improve thermal insulation performance and energy savings for manufacturers.

A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR SELECTING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinem DAĞILGAN ◽  
Seren GUVEN
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Building Technology ◽  
Decision Mechanism ◽  
Base Study ◽  
Suitable System

The choice of the structural system that crosses any space is the basic building design problem. Developments in building technology and materials science have provided innovative solutions to the problem of crossing space. In previous studies, criteria have been examined in the selection of structural systems, but it has not been clarified according what / how to choose the product. To cross any specified space with the most suitable system and material is still a complicated process. In this study, it is aimed to choose the most suitable system by include decision makers into the model to minimize the possible losses. In the proposed method, selection criteria were created from the distinguishing features of the systems and intermittent scale method was used while determining the criteria values. A decision mechanism is created by evaluating these criteria values with the percentages set by the user. In this way, it has been observed that the selection process gives fast results as it is handled systematically, and it also provides flexible selection opportunities because it places the preferences in the foreground. The model can be used for develop material selection for structure, and this differentiation can be utilized as base study for future research. For complex product selection can be developed a software.

Materials Strategies for Organic Neuromorphic Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristide Gumyusenge ◽  
Armantas Melianas ◽  
Scott T. Keene ◽  
Alberto Salleo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Neuromorphic Computing

Neuromorphic computing is becoming increasingly prominent as artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates progressively seamless interaction between humans and machines. The conventional von Neumann architecture and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor transistor scaling are unable to meet the highly demanding computational density and energy efficiency requirements of AI. Neuromorphic computing aims to address these challenges by using brain-like computing architectures and novel synaptic memories that coallocate information storage and computation, thereby enabling low latency at high energy efficiency and high memory density. Though various emerging memory devices have been extensively studied to emulate the functionality of biological synapses, there is currently no material/device system that encompasses both the needed metrics for high-performance neuromorphic computing and the required biocompatibility for potential body-computer integration. In this review, we aim to equip the reader with general design principles and materials requirements for realizing high-performance organic neuromorphic devices. We use instructive examples from recent literature to discuss each requirement, illustrating the challenges as well as future research opportunities. Though organic devices still face many challenges to become major players in neuromorphic computing, mostly due to their lack of compliance with back-end-of-the-line processes required for integration with digital logic, we propose that their biocompatibility and mechanical conformability give them an advantage for creating adaptive biointerfaces, brain-machine interfaces, and biology-inspired prosthetics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Research opportunities on clusters and cluster-assembled materials—A Department of Energy, Council on Materials Science Panel Report

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andres ◽  
R. S. Averback ◽  
W. L. Brown ◽  
L. E. Brus ◽  
W. A. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heterogeneous Materials ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Size Selected Clusters

The Panel was charged with assessing the present scientific understanding of the size-dependent physical and chemical properties of clusters, the methods of synthesis of macroscopic amounts of size-selected clusters with desired properties, and most importantly, the possibility of their controlled assembly into new materials with novel properties. The Panel was composed of both academic and industrial scientists from the physics, chemistry, and materials science communities, and met in January 1988.In materials (insulators, semiconductors, and metals) with strong chemical bonding, there is extensive spatial delocalization of valence electrons, and therefore the bulk physical properties which depend upon these electrons develop only gradually with cluster size. Recent research using supersonic-jet, gas-aggregation, colloidal, and chemical-synthetic methods indeed clearly establishes that intermediate size clusters have novel and hybrid properties, between the molecular and bulk solid-state limits. A scientific understanding of these transitions in properties has only been partially achieved, and the Panel believes that this interdisciplinary area of science is at the very heart of the basic nature of materials. In Sec. V (Future Challenges and Opportunities), a series of basic questions for future research are detailed. Each question has an obvious impact on our potential ability to create new materials.Present methods for the synthesis of useful amounts of size-selected clusters, with surface chemical properties purposefully controlled and/or modified, are almost nonexistent, and these fundamentally limit our ability to explore the assembly of clusters into potentially novel materials. While elegant spectroscopic and chemisorption studies of size-selected clusters have been carried out using molecular-beam technologies, there are no demonstrated methods for recovery and accumulation of such samples. Within the past year, the first reports of the chemical synthesis of clusters with surfaces chemically modified have been reported for limited classes of materials. Apparatus for the accumulation and consolidation of nanophase materials have been developed, and the first promising studies of their physical properties are appearing. In both the chemical and nanophase synthesis areas, clusters with a distribution of sizes and shapes are being studied. Progress on macroscopic synthetic methods for size-selected clusters of controlled surface properties is the most important immediate goal recognized by the Panel. Simultaneous improvement in physical characterization will be necessary to guide synthesis research.Assuming such progress will occur, the Panel suggests that self-assembly of clusters into new elemental polymorphs and new types of nanoscale heterogeneous materials offers an area of intriguing technological promise. The electrical and optical properties of such heterogeneous materials could be tailored in very specific ways. Such ideas are quite speculative at this time; their implementation critically depends upon controlled modification of cluster surfaces, and upon development of characterization and theoretical tools to guide experiments.The Panel concluded that a number of genuinely novel ideas had been enunciated, and that in its opinion some would surely lead to exciting new science and important new materials.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties of nanomaterials: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Wei-shou Miao ◽  
Yi-du Zhang ◽  
Han-jun Gao ◽  
David Hui
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Tunneling Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Potential Applications

AbstractAs an emerging material, nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention due to their small size, surface effect and quantum tunneling effect, as well as potential applications in traditional materials, medical devices, electronic devices, coatings and other industries. Herein, the influence of nanoparticle selection, production process, grain size, and grain boundary structures on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials is introduced. The current research progress and application range of nano-materials are presented. The unique properties of nano-materials make them superior over traditional materials. Therefore, nanomaterials will have a broader application prospect in the future. Research on nanomaterials is significant for the development and application of materials science.

Heat Transfer in Superconducting Films

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Flik
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Superconducting Films ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Thermal Phenomena ◽  
Transfer Problems

Thin films that are superconducting above liquid-nitrogen temperature possess promising applications in electronics and sensor technology. The design, the characterization and the processing of devices based on the high-temperature superconductors pose new fundamental heat transfer problems. This article reviews thermal conduction, thermal radiation and thermal stability phenomena in superconducting films. The understanding of these thermal phenomena requires solid-state physics and materials science, in addition to heat transfer and thermodynamics. Future research opportunities are pointed out for thermal problems in superconducting films.

scholarly journals Artificial Specific Binders Directly Recovered from Chemically Modified Nucleic Acid Libraries

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuya Kasahara ◽  
Masayasu Kuwahara
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Nucleotide Analogs ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Nucleic Acid Aptamers

Specific binders comprised of nucleic acids, that is, RNA/DNA aptamers, are attractive functional biopolymers owing to their potential broad application in medicine, food hygiene, environmental analysis, and biological research. Despite the large number of reports on selection of natural DNA/RNA aptamers, there are not many examples of direct screening of chemically modified nucleic acid aptamers. This is because of (i) the inferior efficiency and accuracy of polymerase reactions involving transcription/reverse-transcription of modified nucleotides compared with those of natural nucleotides, (ii) technical difficulties and additional time and effort required when using modified nucleic acid libraries, and (iii) ambiguous efficacies of chemical modifications in binding properties until recently; in contrast, the effects of chemical modifications on biostability are well studied using various nucleotide analogs. Although reports on the direct screening of a modified nucleic acid library remain in the minority, chemical modifications would be essential when further functional expansion of nucleic acid aptamers, in particular for medical and biological uses, is considered. This paper focuses on enzymatic production of chemically modified nucleic acids and their application to random screenings. In addition, recent advances and possible future research are also described.

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