Suppressing Barite Crystallization with Organophosphorus Compounds

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo D. Sosa ◽  
Jacinta C. Conrad ◽  
Michael Reynolds ◽  
Jeffrey D Rimer
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crystal Interfaces

Molecular modifiers can display a wide range of interactions with crystal interfaces to impede their growth. In this work we evaluate the efficacy of a naturally derived phosphorous-containing molecule, phytate,...

scholarly journals Terbufos-sulfone exacerbates cardiac lesions in diabetic rats: a sub-acute toxicity study

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed M. Nurulain ◽  
Mohamed Shafiullah ◽  
Javed Yasin ◽  
Abdu Adem ◽  
Juma Al Kaabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cardiac Effect ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cardiac Lesions

AbstractOrganophosphorus compounds (OPCs) have a wide range of applications, from agriculture to warfare. Exposure to these brings forward a varied kind of health issues globally. Terbufos is one of the leading OPCs used worldwide. The present study investigates the cardiac effect of no observable dose of a metabolite of terbufos, terbufos-sulfone (TS), under non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition. One hundred nanomoles per rat (1/20 of LD50) was administered intraperitoneally to adult male Wister rats daily for fifteen days. The left ventricle was collected for ultrastructural changes by transmission electron microscopy. The blood samples were collected for biochemical tests including RBC acetylcholinesterase, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, ALT, AST, and GGT. The study revealed about 10 % inhibition of RBC-AChE in two weeks of TS treatment in non-diabetic rats whereas RBC-AChE activity was significantly decreased in diabetic TS treated rats. CK, LDH, and triglycerides were significantly higher in diabetic TS treated rats. Electron microscopy of the heart showed derangement and lesions of the mitochondria of cardiomyocytes in the TS treated groups. The present study concludes that a non-lethal dose of TS causes cardiac lesions which exacerbate under diabetic condition. Biochemical tests confirmed the ultrastructural changes. It is concluded that a non-lethal dose of TS may be a risk factor for a cardiovascular disease, which may be fatal under diabetic condition.

scholarly journals RELATIVISTIC CALCULATIONS OF MAGNETORESONSONIC PARAMETERS IN STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ELEMENTENTORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
Leonid Krivdin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Relativistic Effects ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Spin Interaction ◽  
Chemical Calculation ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Level

Systematic structural studies were carried out in a wide range of nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, selenium, and organophosphorus compounds by quantum-chemical calculations of a high level of isotropic absolute magnetic-shielding constants (chemical shifts) and spin-spin interaction constants involving 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, 29Si, 31P, 77Se and 125Te in comparison with the experiment. The analysis of the factors determining the accuracy of the quantum chemical calculation of the discussed magnetoresonance parameters including the level of the theory and the quality of the basis set, the influence of the medium, vibrational corrections, and relativistic effects are analyzed.

Quantitative electron holography applied to crystal wedges and interfaces

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1090-1091
Author(s):  
M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Resolution Enhancement ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Exit Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Original Goal ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Crystal Interfaces

Electron holography is unique among transmission electron microscopy techniques in that it allows retrieval of phase of the electron wave, information which is lost with other imaging techniques. With access to the phase, interactions of the incident electron wave with the electrostatic and magnetic potentials of the specimen can be studied directly with high spatial resolution. Besides resolution enhancement, the original goal for electron holography, applications to wide range of materials problems are currently under investigation. This work will address applications to measurements of mean inner potential of crystals and to epitaxial crystal interfaces.In non-magnetic materials, in the absence of external electrical fields and/or charge layers, the electrostatic potential which alters the phase of the exit surface wave results from the atomic potentials. For amorphous and polycrystalline samples of known thickness, the phase change depends on the volume average of the atomic potentials, i.e. the mean inner potential V0.

Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Alexander Zlobin ◽  
Valeriy Inozemcev ◽  
Sergey Komissarenko ◽  
Igor Medveckiy ◽  
Igor Nelga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
The Usa

Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of World War II the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Subsequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.

scholarly journals Отруєння фосфорорганічними сполуками: варіанти перебігу, діагностична та лікувальна тактика бригади екстреної (швидкої) медичної допомоги

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Liakhovych ◽  
M. Ya. Dzus ◽  
Ya. M. Kitsak ◽  
O. H. Necyuk
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emergency Medical Care ◽  
Oxygen Inhalation ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. The article discusses the variety of organophosphorus compounds, ways of their intake, characteristic clinical manifestations and the modern algorithm of pre-hospital therapy in the practice of the emergency medical care brigade (EMC). The relevance of this problem lies in the fact that the total mass poisoning are poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OPhC), because they are widely used in agriculture, industry and medicine. These compounds have a wide range of activity against pests of agricultural crops.The aim of the study – to improve quality of diagnostics and administering of quality first medical aid by the EMC workers to the patients poisoned with phosphoorganic comounds.Materials and Methods. The main pathogenetic mechanism of action organophosphorus compounds is inhibition of cholinesterase activity – the enzyme which hydrolyzes acetylcholine and plays an important role in the process of synaptic transmission of the nerve impulse in cholinergic formations. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity leads to the cessation or reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine, which leads to the accumulation of the latter and excessive excitement they cholinergic system. Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds leads to the formation of cholinesterase, which loses the ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine, and very slowly recovers its activity.Results and Discussion. Studies showed that the clinical picture of the effect of different organophosphorus compounds on the human body is the manifestation from the сentral or peripheral cholinergic systems. The rate of development of clinical manifestations depends on the mechanisms of admission of the poison into the body.If the poison gets through the respiratory tract, to the fore, appear symptoms of respiratory disorders, oral – digestive tract, through the skin – muscular fibrillation. Further, regardless of the mechanisms of penetration of organophosphorus compounds in the body, in the clinical picture of acute poisoning are manifested symptoms of affection of Central nervous system (the autonomic centers of the hypothalamic structures), eyes (miosis, decreased visual acuity, accommodation spasm), cardiovascular system (vegetative-vascular dystonia, myocardial), alimentary canal (hypersalivation, colic, dyskinesia of the intestine, biliary tract, toxic hepatitis), respiratory (bronchospasm, bronchure), skeletal muscles (convulsions).Conclusions. Given the polymorphism of clinical manifestations of the poisoning and its complications is vital the familiarization of the brigade of emergency medical care these conditions and provide skilled pre-hospital medical care. Through this comprehensive pre-hospital emergency medical care is the use of amilnitrite, in the presence of apnea or with significant respiratory failure – artificial lung ventilation and inhalation of oxygen. With the weakening of cardiac activity should use the solution of cordiamin subcutaneously, but when the vascular collapse – oxygen inhalation and subcutaneous injection of norepinephrine. Antidote therapy requires the introduction of 20 ml of chromosone intravenous, further – 30 % sodium hyposulfite intravenously. 

scholarly journals Detoxification as a Mechanism of Resistance I a Strain of the Cattle Tick Boophilus Micropluse (Canestrini) Resistant to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Roulston ◽  
CA Schuntner ◽  
HJ Schnitzerling ◽  
JT Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
Wide Range

Strains of the cattle tick resistant to organophosphorus compounds were first found at Ridgelands in central Queensland in 1963 (Shaw and Malcolm 1964; Shaw 1966; Roulston, Stone, Wilson, and White 1968). Resistance of a different type was subsequently found at Biarra in south-eastern Queensland in 1966 (Roulston and Wharton 1967; Wharton 1967; Shaw, Cook, and Carson 1968). Ridgelands and Biarra strains of ticks both exhibit resistance to a wide range of organophosphorus and carbamate chemicals but differ in that resistance levels are higher and resistance extends to a wider range of chemicals in the Biarra strain. Biochemical investigations have shown that resistance in both strains is due to the presence of an acetylcholin-esterase system which is relatively insensitive to inhibition by organophosphorus chemicals (Lee and Batham 1966; Roulston, Schnitzerling, and Schuntner 1968; Schuntner, Roulston, and Schnitzerling 1968)

Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Alexander Zlobin ◽  
Valeriy Inozemcev ◽  
Sergey Komissarenko ◽  
Igor Medveckiy ◽  
Igor Nelga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
The Usa

Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of world war ii the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Sub consequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Electrophilic Reactions in Phosphorus Chemistry

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasy O. Kolodiazhna ◽  
Oleg I. Kolodiazhnyi
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Configuration ◽  
Electrophilic Substitution ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Phosphoryl Group ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Molecular Chemistry ◽  
Electrophilic Reactions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Organophosphorus Chemistry

This review is devoted to the theoretic and synthetic aspects of asymmetric electrophilic substitution reactions at the stereogenic phosphorus center. The stereochemistry and mechanisms of electrophilic reactions are discussed—the substitution, addition and addition-elimination of many important reactions. The reactions of bimolecular electrophilic substitution SE2(P) proceed stereospecifically with the retention of absolute configuration at the phosphorus center, in contrast to the reactions of bimolecular nucleophilic substitution SN2(P), proceeding with inversion of absolute configuration. This conclusion was made based on stereochemical analysis of a wide range of trivalent phosphorus reactions with typical electrophiles and investigation of examples of a sizeable number of diverse compounds. The combination of stereospecific electrophilic reactions and stereoselective nucleophilic reactions is useful and promising for the further development of organophosphorus chemistry. The study of phosphoryl group transfer reactions is important for biological and molecular chemistry, as well as in studying mechanisms of chemical processes involving organophosphorus compounds. New versions of asymmetric electrophilic reactions applicable for the synthesis of enantiopure P-chiral secondary and tertiary phosphines are discussed.

scholarly journals Chemical Weapons: History of the Study of Organophosphorus Toxic Agents Abroad

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Nelga I.A. Kostyuchenko I.V
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

Organophosphorus compounds occupy a unique positon among all chemical warfare agents (CWA's). Since the 1930-s their high toxicity, wide range of physical-chemical properties and complex action attracted close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936 a German chemist, Dr. Gerhard Schrader, synthesized O-ethyl-dimethyl amidocyanophosphate, known as tabun, for the first time. By the beginning of World War II, more than two thousand new organophosphorus and phosphorus containing compounds were synthesized by his laboratory's stuff. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: О-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA's. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA's was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of World War II the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Subsequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA's did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. The provocation which the «Novichok» agent, arranged primitively by the British intelligence, is the perfect example of such a transformation. But it does not mean that the research in the sphere of new organophosphorus CWA's in the West is stopped

Interactions between Lattice Dislocations and Interfaces in Solids

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Liu ◽  
R. W. Balluffi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Infinite Number ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Boundary Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interphase Boundaries ◽  
Crystal Interfaces

ABSTRACTAttention is focused on the interactions which occur when lattice dislocations impinge on interfaces (i.e., grain boundaries, crystal/crystal interphase boundaries and crystal/amorphous boundaries) in solids. The lattice dislocations can generally dissociate into interface dislocations possessing smaller Burgers vectors under a driving force produced by a decrease in the elastic energy. For crystal/crystal interfaces, a wide range of possibilities exists, depending upon the grain boundary type, which extends from dissociation into a discrete number of interface dislocations to dissociations into a distribution consisting of, in the limit, an infinite number of interface dislocations possessing infinitesimal Bur.ers vectors. For crystal/ anorphous interfaces, the latter model is applicable. Examples of dissociations in these various interfaces are presented. The dissociation geometries and kinetics are described briefly. Some of the wider implications of these phenomena are mentioned.

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