Stimulatory effects of (−)-epicatechin and its enantiomer (+)-epicatechin on mouse frontal cortex neurogenesis markers and short-term memory: proof of concept

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viridiana Navarrete-Yañez ◽  
Alejandra Garate-Carrillo ◽  
Marcos Ayala ◽  
Antonio Rodriguez-Castañeda ◽  
Patricia Mendoza-Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Capillary Formation ◽  
Stimulation Of

(−)-Epicatechin and (+)-epicatechin, upregulate neurogenesis markers likely through stimulation of capillary formation and nitric oxide triggering, improvements in memory.

scholarly journals Opposing regulation of short-term memory by basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways that are coactive during behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjun Tang ◽  
Hongjiang Yang ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
Zhouzhou Zhang ◽  
Xiao Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Stimulation Of

The basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways are viewed to mediate opposing functions in movement. However, this classic model is challenged by recent findings that both pathways are coactive during behavior. We examined the roles of direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathway spiny projection neurons in a decision-making task with a short-term memory (STM) component. Optogenetic stimulation of cortical-input-defined dSPNs and iSPNs during STM oppositely biased upcoming licking choice, without affecting licking execution. Optogenetically identified dSPNs and iSPNs showed similar response patterns, although with quantitative difference in spatiotemporal organization. To understand how coactive dSPNs and iSPNs play opposing roles, we recorded population activity in frontal cortex and the basal ganglia output nucleus SNr. Stimulation of dSPNs and iSPNs bidirectionally regulated cortical decision variable through the differential modulation of SNr ramping activity. These results reconcile different views by demonstrating that coactive dSPNs and iSPNs precisely shape cortical activity in a push-pull balance.

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